Wednesday, January 29, 2014

JUST LET ME SURPRISE MOST OF MY READERS WHO MIGHT THINK THAT THIS SCIENTIST AND THEOSOPHIST IS APOLITICAL.

1.                          Jude Danmbaezueposted toFahamu
THIS IS A REPRODUCTION OF AN ARTICLE THAT IS MORE THAN A DECADE OLD YET VERY THERAPEUTIC FOR US ALL TODAY

N T A - A M E X P R E S S FOR 2005
This is a correctional programme for the nation

THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES DOES NOT IMPART POST-SERVICE UTILITARIAN SKILLS TO ITS OFFICERS AND MEN

The Nigerian Armed Forces as an institution does not impart any viable professional skills to its officers and men that can give them adequate gainful employment on retirement. That is why they are all over the place jostling and hustling for political appointments and patronage. It is only in Nigeria that retired officers from the army, navy and air force are ungentle-manly. They tell lies, they bribe, they cheat and they dupe even their friends or snatch other people’s wives. This is possible, because since the civil war ended in the country in 1970, our military colleges do not turn out gentlemen officers any longer! Admission is by quota system and nepotic connections. Only sons of emirs, retired senior officers and those who are ready to pay thousands of naira get admissions into the Nigerian Academy. So, how do you expect gentlemen to be turned out from such politically-polluted institutions?

Just take a census of who is who in the present government in all the states of the federation. There is hardly any retired officer who is satisfied with his lot and/or loot! Only a few are proud to keep their hands clean or heads high above clandestine business connections. Only a negligible number can be confided in to retain any gentleman’s agreement! Show me the ex-army, navy or air force officers that have established reputable business concerns and so have given employment to the youths of this nation. It is hard to single-out anyone that has not enriched himself while in uniform or out of it! Most of them are directly or indirectly involved in governance either at the local, state or federal levels. It is shameful that after thirty-five years in uniform, most retired army officers condescend to party politicking and brigandage. Go over to Britain, France and USA to compare notes; you will see most of their counterparts contributing meaningfully to the economical development of their countries. The skills they acquired while in service are channelled into productive endeavours. They are role models to the youth who greet them, as ‘Gentlemen Officers’. A greater percentage of them are revered patriots with national honours bestowed on them for their contributions to the upliftment of their communities after retirement. 
But in Nigeria, a country of ‘vagabonds in power’, the pastime of the average retired army officer is partisan politics of ‘kill-and-eat’ mentality. They train and manage despicable political thugs! 

I was a kid when the Late Nnamdi Azikiwe propounded the theory of diarchy in 1972. I had just gained admission into the University of Lagos. The first public outing I had was sitting quietly at the auditorium of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, for three gruesome hours listening patiently to the great sage but comprehending very little. It was only three years later that I understood the contents of his epoch-making lecture on the way out of the dark waters of the Nigerian Army misadventure into politics. 

Today, thirty-five years later, his prophetic depositions are coming true. Whereas the Great Statesman actually recommended a diarchy wherein the civilian class produced the presidents, governors and other versions of social and political leaders and the military class their deputies; to act as safety valves to checkmate the excesses of the political class, the reverse is now being implemented. The most annoying aspect of the nauseating saga is that it is the half-baked, semi-educated elites who should know better the import of Zik’s recommendations, are the very ones hovering around with piles of ‘curriculum vitae’ chasing the military class for some appointments. This is the clearest evidence that the level of Nigerian education has fallen so low that princes are now servants in the socio-political arena! Shame to all those involved in Nigerian politics who prefix ‘Professor’ or ‘Doctor’ to their names! They are glaring disgraces to the universities that awarded them such titles in the first place, and a disappointment to their local communities for being such low political prostitutes. Whereas their high-sounding degrees should give them positions of ‘prima inter pars’ wherever they find themselves and equally place them above board, they are the lowliest of the political class for now. They are simply the errand boys used to write speeches and organise protocols to deceive the populace.

Think of all the double-speaking canaries that have served in the various military juntas that raped our democracy; sugar-coated information ministers, chairmen of electoral commissions, local ambassadors of military governors, image makers and money-laundering agents and such other appointments they chased around in the past regimes and you will feel sorry for Nigeria, yourself and Africa. What are retired officers looking for in politics? Did the military academy train them to lead civilians or soldiers at the battle front? Well, if the nation cannot revisit the charter establishing the academies in the country and re-orientate officers and men of the armed forces to their primary roles, political hooliganism shall forever be the recurrent pastimes of every retired General, Brigadier and Colonel. Do not say I did not warn you! After all no one listened to the Great Zik of Africa, so why should any one take me seriously. 
What was ‘Maradona’ stating in 1999 when he proposed OBJ as the best option for a civilian president? When will Nigeria produce graduates of universities who can read the handwriting on the wall? When will NYSC be returned to what it was originally meant to serve? When will the landlords of this nation regain their lost positions as the firstborns in the Nigerian family? When will ‘me-guards’ do their jobs and leave the cleaning and decoration of the parlours, dinning rooms and bedrooms to the sons and daughters of the family? Nigerians, where are we going, is it to hell or heaven with our oil wealth? We need a re-think before doomsday overtakes us in 2007! 
TO THE EDITOR, 
sunnewsonline@mail.com,
This is a privileged article. I am a research scientist busy with finding an alternative to the anti-retroviral drugs with which the West is currently fleecing Africa and other developing nations. So for me to make out time and script this piece is under the compulsion of the Holy Spirit. If you love this nation, publish it unabridged. I am a soldier and I can take all the shots. Write me or phone. After 48 hours, I will send it to another newsprint if you neglect to take this golden opportunity to earn your salary. This nation needs just a handful of honest and diligent men and women who tell the truth, live the truth and propagate same without fear or favour. I have never taken part in politics nor sought for nor got any government patronage since I retired voluntarily in November 1979. Today I trek the streets of Enugu whereas my name and that of the current 3rd term-seeking president appeared on the same Part II Orders, an official gazette showing officers who retired honourably. It grieves me that that the educated class including all the journalists are allowing ‘me-guards’ to run the palace of this nation, whereas the only training they received was how to fight external aggressors of the nation and manage violence when invited to do so. So, why do you allow them to buy the consciences of everyone with the money they stole from the treasury of this nation? 

May God bless our country by giving us genuine leaders so that our wives and children will smile once more as they did before the civil war, Amen!
While I still remain an oppressed compatriot,
Yours in tears for my beloved nation,
…………………………………………………………………….
Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, D.Sc. in Psychometrics,
Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Existential Family Therapist,
formerly a medical oficer in NIGERIAN AIR FORCE 1976 - 1979
Flt Lt Dr J. K. Danmbaezue, D.Sc., FACRS, (rtd.)
Consultant Clinical Psychologist & Existential Family Therapist,
P.O. Box 1995, ENUGU, NIGERIA
E-mail: saintkenez@yahoo.co.uk 08039097614,

Jude Danmbaezue 
THE FALLACY OF BELIEVING THAT A SOLDIER CAN LEAD CIVILIANS IN A DEMOCRACY IS UTTERLY FALSE, PUERILE AND UNINTELLIGENT. SOLDIERS LEAD MEN WHO WERE TRAINED TO OBEY ORDERS BLINDLY WITHOUT QUESTIONS AT THE BATTLEFRONT. SO NO REAL TRAINED OFFICER CAN LEAD MEN WHO HAVE THE OPTION TO REFUSE ORDERS, ASK QUESTIONS AND DECIDE FOR THEMSELVES THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTIONS TO TAKE. LET US FACE THE FACTS. THE PROLONGED MILITARY RULE IS WHAT DESTROYED THIS COUNTRY. LET US STOP THE FOOLERY OF THINKING THAT ANY BUHARI, BABAGINDA, OBASANJO e.t.c. .e.e.t.c. IS QUALIFIED TO BECOME A PRESIDENT or EVEN A GOVERNOR IN A DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED ADMINISTRATION.

Jude Danmbaezue's photo.
Photo: THIS IS A REPRODUCTION OF AN ARTICLE THAT IS MORE THAN A DECADE OLD YET VERY THERAPEUTIC FOR US ALL TODAY

N T A - A M E X P R E S S FOR 2005
This is a correctional programme for the nation

THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES DOES NOT IMPART POST-SERVICE UTILITARIAN SKILLS TO ITS OFFICERS AND MEN

The Nigerian Armed Forces as an institution does not impart any viable professional skills to its officers and men that can give them adequate gainful employment on retirement. That is why they are all over the place jostling and hustling for political appointments and patronage. It is only in Nigeria that retired officers from the army, navy and air force are ungentle-manly. They tell lies, they bribe, they cheat and they dupe even their friends or snatch other people’s wives. This is possible, because since the civil war ended in the country in 1970, our military colleges do not turn out gentlemen officers any longer! Admission is by quota system and nepotic connections. Only sons of emirs, retired senior officers and those who are ready to pay thousands of naira get admissions into the Nigerian Academy. So, how do you expect gentlemen to be turned out from such politically-polluted institutions?

Just take a census of who is who in the present government in all the states of the federation. There is hardly any retired officer who is satisfied with his lot and/or loot! Only a few are proud to keep their hands clean or heads high above clandestine business connections. Only a negligible number can be confided in to retain any gentleman’s agreement! Show me the ex-army, navy or air force officers that have established reputable business concerns and so have given employment to the youths of this nation. It is hard to single-out anyone that has not enriched himself while in uniform or out of it! Most of them are directly or indirectly involved in governance either at the local, state or federal levels. It is shameful that after thirty-five years in uniform, most retired army officers condescend to party politicking and brigandage. Go over to Britain, France and USA to compare notes; you will see most of their counterparts contributing meaningfully to the economical development of their countries. The skills they acquired while in service are channelled into productive endeavours. They are role models to the youth who greet them, as ‘Gentlemen Officers’. A greater percentage of them are revered patriots with national honours bestowed on them for their contributions to the upliftment of their communities after retirement. 
But in Nigeria, a country of ‘vagabonds in power’, the pastime of the average retired army officer is partisan politics of ‘kill-and-eat’ mentality. They train and manage despicable political thugs! 

I was a kid when the Late Nnamdi Azikiwe propounded the theory of diarchy in 1972. I had just gained admission into the University of Lagos. The first public outing I had was sitting quietly at the auditorium of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, for three gruesome hours listening patiently to the great sage but comprehending very little. It was only three years later that I understood the contents of his epoch-making lecture on the way out of the dark waters of the Nigerian Army misadventure into politics. 

Today, thirty-five years later, his prophetic depositions are coming true. Whereas the Great Statesman actually recommended a diarchy wherein the civilian class produced the presidents, governors and other versions of social and political leaders and the military class their deputies; to act as safety valves to checkmate the excesses of the political class, the reverse is now being implemented. The most annoying aspect of the nauseating saga is that it is the half-baked, semi-educated elites who should know better the import of Zik’s recommendations, are the very ones hovering around with piles of ‘curriculum vitae’ chasing the military class for some appointments. This is the clearest evidence that the level of Nigerian education has fallen so low that princes are now servants in the socio-political arena! Shame to all those involved in Nigerian politics who prefix ‘Professor’ or ‘Doctor’ to their names! They are glaring disgraces to the universities that awarded them such titles in the first place, and a disappointment to their local communities for being such low political prostitutes. Whereas their high-sounding degrees should give them positions of ‘prima inter pars’ wherever they find themselves and equally place them above board, they are the lowliest of the political class for now. They are simply the errand boys used to write speeches and organise protocols to deceive the populace.

Think of all the double-speaking canaries that have served in the various military juntas that raped our democracy; sugar-coated information ministers, chairmen of electoral commissions, local ambassadors of military governors, image makers and money-laundering agents and such other appointments they chased around in the past regimes and you will feel sorry for Nigeria, yourself and Africa. What are retired officers looking for in politics? Did the military academy train them to lead civilians or soldiers at the battle front? Well, if the nation cannot revisit the charter establishing the academies in the country and re-orientate officers and men of the armed forces to their primary roles, political hooliganism shall forever be the recurrent pastimes of every retired General, Brigadier and Colonel. Do not say I did not warn you! After all no one listened to the Great Zik of Africa, so why should any one take me seriously. 
What was ‘Maradona’ stating in 1999 when he proposed OBJ as the best option for a civilian president? When will Nigeria produce graduates of universities who can read the handwriting on the wall? When will NYSC be returned to what it was originally meant to serve? When will the landlords of this nation regain their lost positions as the firstborns in the Nigerian family? When will ‘me-guards’ do their jobs and leave the cleaning and decoration of the parlours, dinning rooms and bedrooms to the sons and daughters of the family? Nigerians, where are we going, is it to hell or heaven with our oil wealth? We need a re-think before doomsday overtakes us in 2007! 
TO THE EDITOR, 
sunnewsonline@mail.com,
This is a privileged article. I am a research scientist busy with finding an alternative to the anti-retroviral drugs with which the West is currently fleecing Africa and other developing nations. So for me to make out time and script this piece is under the compulsion of the Holy Spirit. If you love this nation, publish it unabridged. I am a soldier and I can take all the shots. Write me or phone. After 48 hours, I will send it to another newsprint if you neglect to take this golden opportunity to earn your salary. This nation needs just a handful of honest and diligent men and women who tell the truth, live the truth and propagate same without fear or favour. I have never taken part in politics nor sought for nor got any government patronage since I retired voluntarily in November 1979. Today I trek the streets of Enugu whereas my name and that of the current 3rd term-seeking president appeared on the same Part II Orders, an official gazette showing officers who retired honourably. It grieves me that that the educated class including all the journalists are allowing ‘me-guards’ to run the palace of this nation, whereas the only training they received was how to fight external aggressors of the nation and manage violence when invited to do so. So, why do you allow them to buy the consciences of everyone with the money they stole from the treasury of this nation? 

May God bless our country by giving us genuine leaders so that our wives and children will smile once more as they did before the civil war, Amen!
While I still remain an oppressed compatriot,
Yours in tears for my beloved nation,
…………………………………………………………………….
Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, D.Sc. in Psychometrics,
Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Existential Family Therapist,
 formerly a medical oficer in NIGERIAN AIR FORCE 1976 - 1979
Flt Lt Dr J. K. Danmbaezue, D.Sc., FACRS, (rtd.)
Consultant Clinical Psychologist & Existential Family Therapist,
P.O. Box 1995, ENUGU, NIGERIA
E-mail: saintkenez@yahoo.co.uk 08039097614,

Jude Danmbaezue 
THE FALLACY OF BELIEVING THAT A SOLDIER CAN LEAD CIVILIANS IN A DEMOCRACY IS UTTERLY FALSE, PUERILE AND UNINTELLIGENT. SOLDIERS LEAD MEN WHO WERE TRAINED TO OBEY ORDERS BLINDLY WITHOUT QUESTIONS AT THE BATTLEFRONT. SO NO REAL TRAINED OFFICER CAN LEAD MEN WHO HAVE THE OPTION TO REFUSE ORDERS, ASK QUESTIONS AND DECIDE FOR THEMSELVES THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTIONS TO TAKE. LET US FACE THE FACTS. THE PROLONGED MILITARY RULE IS WHAT DESTROYED THIS COUNTRY. LET US STOP THE FOOLERY OF THINKING THAT ANY BUHARI, BABAGINDA, OBASANJO e.t.c. .e.e.t.c. IS QUALIFIED TO BECOME A PRESIDENT or EVEN A GOVERNOR IN A DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED ADMINISTRATION.

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Jude Danmbaezue
NTA-AM EXPRESS PROGRAMME For Wednesday 7th February 2007 ADOLESCENTS, ADULTS & ADENESCENTS Many Nigerians, both those at home and some in Diaspora are not fully aware that they are many adolescents in adult bodies! This morning, NTA ENUGU, your ‘Station for Excellence, will not disappoint you, as we have another controversial topic that deals with living a life free of stress. As usual, we have our mercurial Consultant Clinical Psychologist, who doubles as both an Existential Family Therapist and a Research Psychometrician on the hot seat, doing what he knows best, namely CHALLENGING YOU TO PROVE THAT YOU ARE IN FULL CONTROL OF YOUR EMOTIONAL LIFE AND A MASTER OF THE NEBULOUS CIRCUMSTANCES SORROUNDING YOU AT EVERY PLACE & TIME UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES & PRESSURES! We hope to dissect the definitions of the three terms above, which many teachers and parents misuse in their discussions about their students, wards or children. The terms “adenescence & adenescent” are not in the ordinary English dictionary for now, nor are they in any computer memory or electronic encyclopaedia, because it a new word psychologists have recently coined to describe many persons who despite their maturity in chronological age, say 35 – 45 years, are still adolescents of 11 – 19 years in the way they think, talk and act, in other words; in personality traits and daily behaviour. The malaise is not restricted to Africans or people of African descent. It is world-wide phenomenon, as it afflicts whites, blacks and yellows. It is no respecter of parentage, education, social status or religion! Bishops suffer it as well as Vice chancellors and Heads of States. The Watergate Scandal and the Maria Lewinsky affairs are indicative of the veracity of Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue’s thesis that anyone can suffer from this psychopathological condition on the international scene, whereas the perennial problems of fuel scarcity, lack of potable water, erratic power supply, greed, violence and economic depression in a land God blessed with milk & honey are examples on the home front! Put on you thinking caps; fasten your seat-belts and breathe in as we take off! The flight crew is ready and indications are that we shall be cruising at the speed of 1000 nautical miles per hour at 5000 feet altitude. We shall have a safe landing at Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, God Willing! WHAT IS A HUMAN BEING? WHO IS A TEENAGER? WHO IS AN ADOLESCENT? WHO IS A MATURE ADULT? WHO IS AN ADENESCENT? WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS INDICATIVE OF THE PERSONALITY DISINTEGRATION CALLED DEPERSONALISATION SYNDROME? INSTINCTUAL DRIVES OFTEN ARE THE REMOTE CAUSES OF ADENESCENCE A basic assumption of Freudian theory is that unconscious conflicts involve instinctual impulses or drives that originate in childhood. As these unconscious conflicts are recognised by the patient through psychoanalysis, his or her adult mind can find solutions that were inaccessible in teenage or adolescence because they were unattainable to the immature mind of the child. This role of instinctual drives in our lives is a unique feature of Freudian theory. According to Freud's doctrine of infantile sexuality, adult sexuality is an end product of a complex process of development, beginning in childhood, involving a variety of body functions or areas (oral, anal, and genital zones), and corresponding to various stages in the relation of the child to adults, especially to parents. Of crucial importance is the so-called Oedipal period, occurring at about four to six years of age, because at this stage of development the child for the first time becomes capable of an emotional attachment to the parent of the opposite sex that is similar to the adult's relationship to a mate; the child simultaneously reacts as a rival to the parent of the same sex. Physical immaturity dooms the child's desires to frustration and his or her first step toward adulthood to failure. Intellectual immaturity further complicates the situation because it makes children afraid of their own fantasies. The extent to which the child overcomes these emotional upheavals and to which these attachments, fears, and fantasies continue to live on in the unconscious greatly influences later life, especially love relationships. The conflicts occurring in the earlier developmental stages are no less significant as a formative influence, because these problems represent the earliest prototypes of such basic human situations as dependency on others and relationship to authority. Also basic in moulding the personality of the individual is the behaviour of the parents toward the child during these stages of development. The fact that the child reacts, not only to objective reality, but also to fantasy distortions of reality, however, greatly complicates even the best-intentioned educational efforts. The Id, the Ego, and the Superego The effort to clarify the bewildering number of interrelated observations uncovered by psychoanalytic exploration led to the development of a model of the structure of the psychic system. Three functional systems are distinguished that are conveniently designated as the id, ego, and superego. The first system refers to the sexual and aggressive tendencies that arise from the body, as distinguished from the mind. Freud called these tendencies Triebe, which literally means “drives,” but which is often inaccurately translated as “instincts” to indicate their innate character. These inherent drives claim immediate satisfaction, which is experienced as pleasurable; the id thus is dominated by the pleasure principle. In his later writings, Freud tended more toward psychological rather than biological conceptualization of the drives. How the conditions for satisfaction are to be brought about is the task of the second system, the ego, which is the domain of such functions as perception, thinking, and motor control that can accurately assess environmental conditions. In order to fulfil its function of adaptation, or reality testing, the ego must be capable of enforcing the postponement of satisfaction of the instinctual impulses originating in the id. To defend itself against unacceptable impulses, the ego develops specific psychic means, known as defence mechanisms. These include repression, the exclusion of impulses from conscious awareness; projection, the process of ascribing to others one's own unacknowledged desires; and reaction formation, the establishment of a pattern of behaviour directly opposed to a strong unconscious need. Such defence mechanisms are put into operation whenever anxiety signals a danger that the original unacceptable impulses may re-emerge. An id impulse becomes unacceptable, not only as a result of a temporary need for postponing its satisfaction until suitable reality conditions can be found, but more often because of a prohibition imposed on the individual by others, originally the parents. The totality of these demands and prohibitions constitutes the major content of the third system, the superego, the function of which is to control the ego in accordance with the internalized standards of parental figures. If the demands of the superego are not fulfilled, the person may feel shame or guilt. Because the superego, in Freudian theory, originates in the struggle to overcome the oedipal conflict, it has a power akin to an instinctual drive, is in part unconscious, and can give rise to feelings of guilt not justified by any conscious transgression. The ego, having to mediate among the demands of the id, the superego, and the outside world, may not be strong enough to reconcile these conflicting forces. The more the ego is impeded in its development because of being enmeshed in its earlier conflicts, called fixations or complexes, or the more it reverts to earlier satisfactions and archaic modes of functioning, known as regression, the greater is the likelihood of succumbing to these pressures. Unable to function normally, it can maintain its limited control and integrity only at the price of symptom formation, in which the tensions are expressed in neurotic symptoms. Optimum Management of Anxiety A cornerstone of modern psychoanalytic theory and practice is the concept of anxiety, which institutes appropriate mechanisms of defence against certain danger situations. These danger situations, as described by Freud, are the fear of abandonment by or the loss of the loved one (the object), the risks of losing the object’s love, the danger of retaliation and punishment, and, finally, the hazard of reproach by the superego. Thus, symptom formation, character and impulse disorders and perversions, as well as sublimations, represent adult resolutions or compromise formations—different forms of an adaptive integration that the ego tries to achieve through more or less successfully reconciling the different conflicting forces in the mind. If these are well done, with the professional help of a clinical psychologist, the adult delinquent behavioural patterns will diminish gradually over a period of spaced therapy! © 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. We must stop our discussion here for this is only a half-hour television programme. If more is allotted to this topical issue, I will bring other discussants to do justice to it! Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue. D. Sc., FACRS
14 hours ago
o                                                     
Jude Danmbaezue
TRAGEDY OF POST-COLONIAL CITIZENS Depersonalisation Syndromes among Indigenes of Developing Nations By: Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, (D. Sc. in Psychometrics) Consultant Clinical Psychologist & Existential Family Therapist, MD Kenez Health Klinik & Happy Family Network International, E-mail: saintkenez@yahoo.co.uk or Phone: 0803-9097614 PREAMBLE: Where I was born, we have this local saying; ‘He who does not know where the rainfall starting beating him, will never know where it stopped’. Another warns; “A rat that joins a lizard in playing in the rain, to remember that when the lizard is dry, it will still be wet.” In my culture, one does not interpret proverbs. I dare do so for my readers who are non-indigenes of Igbo land; both idioms imply that anyone who does not know who he is or where he is coming from will definitely not know where he is going! The words of the elders of my people of Biafra are definitely words of wisdom. They can write a doctoral thesis with just an idiom or a statement of the fact with a simple analogy! Let’s look at these: • The bat is totally blind and is neither an animal of the sky nor of the land! • The bat is neither a bird nor a rodent for it hasn’t any feathers yet it flies! And though it has the anatomy of mammals and a skin with furs it neither crawls nor runs on all fours, yet it feeds like birds, amphibians and rodents! • The bat says he knows how ugly it is, so it has resolved to fly only at night! But not the citizens of underdeveloped or developing nations of the world! They have not learnt any lessons from the bat or applied that wisdom. Rather, they fly by day or night unperturbed and even borrow feathers of all shades of colour and revel in wearing the furs of their erstwhile colonial masters! What a tragedy! The picture of the only mammal that can fly captured with special night vision camera bat 3 bat [bat] (plural bats) noun Flying mammal: a small nocturnal flying mammal with leathery wings stretching from the forelimbs to the rear legs and tail. Bats eat fruit or insects, usually hang upside down when resting, and often use echolocation to detect prey and to navigate. Order: Chiroptera [Late 16th century. Alteration of backe < N Germanic] have bats in the belfry to be slightly but harmlessly eccentric (informal) like a bat out of hell extremely fast (slang) Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. To establish a universe of discourse I owe you the duty of defining the most important terminology in this dissertation that the witty elders of my nation have dismissed with a few pragmatic analogies from a purely western-oriented scientific point of view. Depersonalisation, in clinical psychology, is a state in which an individual feels that either he himself or the outside world is unreal. In addition to a sense of unreality, most depersonalisation syndromes may involve the feeling that; • one's mind is dissociated from one's body; that • the body extremities have changed in relative size; that • one sees oneself from a distance; or that • one has become a machine. Mild feelings of depersonalisation normally occur during the normal processes of personality integration and individuation in a high percentage of adolescents and young adults, and it need not impair social or psychological functioning. Such feelings may also occur in adults after long periods of emotional stress. When such significant social or occupational impairment continues, however, an individual is considered to have a disorder that should be treated. Feelings of depersonalisation may also be present as features of some personality disorders and as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Depersonalisation as a characteristic of psychological disorder is a prominent theme in existential and neoanalytic theories of personality. The term depersonalization has also been used to refer to social alienation resulting from the loss of individuation in the workplace and the community. The irreversible loss of personality identity of the indigenes had been subconciously programmed through the imported brands of religion, politics, socialisation and early education offered them by their rulers. They imbibed foreign mannerisms, through aping the imported culture and dressing codes of their colonial masters. These habits and traits remain intact after long years of colonisation and are not erased for lifetimes of those individuals who grew up idolising them. To barely glimpse at the psychological programming techniques that produced half-natives we might as well look at the relevant subtle and subliminal methods employed by these colonial masters. THE TRAGEDY OF POST-COLONIAL CITIZENS ALL OVER THE GLOBE: The causes of depersonalisation syndromes in human beings are obscure, and there is no specific treatment for it. When the symptom arises in the context of another psychiatric condition, clinicians opt for treatment that is aimed at that particular mental illness and gradually attempt to re-integrate the patient into one self-actualising individual over a long period of psychotherapy sessions. In our study, however, no pots-independence indigene realised that s/he even had a depersonalisation problem. That is the irony of the scenario. Abnormality here disappears as more than 99 % of the population are immersed in it. In our research efforts on depersonalisation among formerly colonized peoples, we intend to bring to consciousness the subtle and bizarre conditions it thrives and then explain the hurdles that one who is immersed in two contrasting cultures must deal with. Just like the patient in my clinic feels or perceives his/her body or self as being unreal, strange, altered in quality or distant, the citizens of a country that has recently won its independence have generalised identity crises. This state of self-estrangement may take the form of feeling as if one is a robot designed by dissimilar architects and constructed by two unfamiliar engineers who studied in different universities. The ex-colonialist is living in a dream world. Psychologically, s/he has been uprooted half-way from her/his socio-cultural milieu and transplanted into unfamiliar territories. Having little or no time for the transition, s/he is not in control and may never be in real control of the environment both physically and emotionally. Here is when, how and where the wisdom of our elders comes in. Most post-colonial literates are never masters of the intellectual faculties. In short, one is not control of one's actions. De-realisation is another variant of the problems we face in this scenario. The feelings of unreality concerning objects outside one, often occurs at the same time as they occur in one mental life. Post-colonial depersonalisation may occur alone in neurotic persons but is more often associated with phobic, anxiety or depressive symptoms emanating from haphazard enculturation paradigms. This variant most commonly occurs in younger women than men and may persist for many years after political independence has been won. This group find the experience of depersonalisation intensely difficult to describe and often fear that others will think them insane. As with other neurotic syndromes, it is more common to see many different symptoms than depersonalisation alone. (Culled from this author’s Ph.D. thesis proposal relating to The Psychopathology Of Fanaticism In 1981 dealing with the aftermath of Rev. Jones Mass Suicide in Guyana, in West Indies) THE ROLE OF COLONIAL PROPAGANDA IN DEPERSONALISATION Propaganda is the more or less systematic effort to manipulate other people's beliefs, attitudes or actions by means of symbols (words, gestures, banners, monuments, music, clothing, insignia, hairstyles, designs on coins and postage stamps, and so forth). Deliberateness and a relatively heavy emphasis on manipulation distinguish propaganda from casual conversation or the free and easy exchange of ideas. The propagandist has a specified goal or set of goals. To achieve these he deliberately selects facts, arguments, and displays of symbols and presents them in ways he thinks will have the most effect. To maximise effect, he may omit pertinent facts or distort them, and he may try to divert the attention of the reactors (the people whom he is trying to sway) from everything but his own propaganda. Comparatively deliberate selectivity and manipulation also distinguish propaganda from education. The educator tries to present various sides of an issue—the grounds for doubting as well as the grounds for believing the statements he makes, and the disadvantages as well as the advantages of every conceivable course of action. Education aims to inducing the reactor to collect and evaluate evidence for himself and assists him in learning the techniques for doing so. It must be noted, however, that a given propagandist may look upon himself as an educator, may believe that he is uttering the purest truth, that he is emphasising or distorting certain aspects of the truth only to make a valid message more persuasive, and that the courses of action that he recommends are in fact the best actions that the reactor could take. By the same token, the reactor who regards the propagandist's message as self-evident truth may think of it as educational; this often seems to be the case with “true believers”—dogmatic reactors to dogmatic religious or social propaganda. “Education” for one person may be “propaganda” for another. THE ROLE OF COLONIAL EDUCATION IN DEPERSONALISATION Education is a discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various non-formal and informal means of socialisation; in rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships. Education can equally be thought of as the transmission of the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is equivalent to what social scientists term socialisation or enculturation. Human babies are born with what ancient and modern philosophers term “tabla-raza”, which literally translates into “a clean slate”. Their brain is a new blackboard for teachers to write on. Imprinting begins at birth just as birds! Children—whether conceived and reared among the Zulus of South Africa, Biafrans in West Africa, New Guinea tribe’s people, the Renaissance Florentines, the Red Indians pf North America or the middle classes of Manhattan in USA —are born without culture. Education is designed to guide them into learning a culture, moulding their behaviour in the ways of adulthood and directing them toward their eventual role in society. In the most primitive cultures, there is often little formal learning, little of what one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers; instead, frequently, the entire environment and all activities are viewed as school and classes, and many or all adults act as teachers. As societies grow more complex, however, the quantity of knowledge to be passed on from one generation to the next becomes more than any one person can know; and hence there must evolve more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission. As society becomes ever more complex and schools become ever more institutionalised, educational experience becomes less directly related to daily life, less a matter of showing and learning in the context of the workaday world, and more abstracted from practice, more a matter of distilling, telling, and learning things out of context. This concentration of learning in a formal atmosphere allows children to learn far more of their culture than they are able to do by merely observing and imitating. As society gradually attaches more and more importance to education, it also tries to formulate the overall objectives, content, organization, and strategies of education. Literature becomes laden with advice on the rearing of the younger generation. In short, there develop philosophies and theories of education. The outcome is colonially structured formal education—the schools and the specialists called the teachers, lecturers and professors become agents of transferring colonial hierarchy of values. The worst hit by this variant are those who travel overseas to study in the home countries of the colonial masters! As scholarships abound, many of these indigenes study in other countries and on return what we have are professors still tied to the apron strings of the varied backgrounds vaunting their foreign accents. That is the beginning of the confusion that results in depersonalisation syndromes among the elite! One can only begin to imagine the role confusion the students they produce will bear for the rest of their lives after studying in a department where lecturers who studied in Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and USA groomed them for bachelors, masters or doctorate degrees! That is depersonalisation unlimited for ever! THE ROLE OF COLONIAL PROPAGANDA IN RELIGION & POLITICS The archaeological remains of ancient civilizations indicate that dazzling clothing and palaces, impressive statues and temples, magic tokens and insignia, and elaborate legal and religious arguments have been used for thousands of years, presumably to convince the common people of the purported greatness and supernatural prowess of kings and priests. Instructive legends and parables, easily memorised proverbs and lists of commandments (such as the Analects of Confucius, the Judaic Ten Commandments, the Hindu Laws of Manu, the Buddhists' Eightfold Noble Path), and highly selective chronicles of rulers' achievements have been used to enlist mass support for particular social and religious systems. Very probably, much of what was said in antiquity was sincere, in the sense that the underlying religious and social assumptions were so fully accepted that the warlords' spokesmen, the pharaohs' priests, and their audiences believed all or most of what was communicated and hence did not deliberate or theorize very much about alternative arguments or means of persuasion. The systematic, detached, and deliberate analysis of propaganda, in the West, at least, may have begun in Athens about 500 BC, as the study of rhetoric (Greek: “the technique of orators”). The tricks of using sonorous and solemn language, carefully gauged humour, artful congeniality, appropriate mixtures of logical and illogical argument, and flattery of a jury or a mob were formulated from the actual practices of successful lawyers, demagogues, and politicians. The earliest ethical teachers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle compiled rules of rhetoric thus; (1) to make their own arguments and those of their students more persuasive and (2) to design an effective counterpropaganda against opponents and also (3) to teach their students how to detect the logical fallacies and emotional appeals of demagogues. The spread of all complex political systems and religions probably has been due very largely to a combination of earnest conviction and the deliberate use of propaganda. This mixture can be detected in the recasting in various times and places of the legends of the Judaeo-Christian messiah, of heroes of the Hindu Mahฤbhฤrata, of the Buddha, of the ancestral Japanese Sun Goddess, of the lives of Muแธฅammad and his relatives, of the Christian saints, of such Marxist heroes as Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, and even in the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Scattered and sometimes enlightening comment on political and religious propaganda has occurred in all major civilizations. They refer to such propaganda stratagems as the seizure and monopolisation of propaganda initiatives, the displacement of guilt onto others (scape-goating), the presentation of oneself as morally superior, and the coordination of propaganda with violence and bribery. For all these the primitive people that colonialists meet on arrival had no answers. So they were disadvantage! RETURN TO THE BASICS IN TRADITIONAL EDUCATION IS THE PANACEA The role of primitive education in pre-colonial cultures had all along been ignored by the prejudiced notion that the people are uncivilised. The colonialists were always in a hurry to teach them their own modes of socialisation. In their selfish interest to communicate their political structures so as to maximise their economic profits, the first thing that the subjugated people must be taught is their own language. Next is their taxation rule! This is the genesis of the depersonalisation process. Any therapeutic remedy that ignores a return to the original traditional educational programme is bound to fail. It is the abrupt truncation of this that was, is and will still be the remote cause of de-realisation syndromes in post colonised mentality. So let us witness what anthropologist found out! The purpose of primitive education is thus to guide children to becoming good members of their tribe or band. There is a marked emphasis upon training for citizenship, because primitive people are highly concerned with the growth of individuals as tribal members and the thorough comprehension of their way of life during passage from pre-puberty to post-puberty. Because of the variety in the countless thousands of primitive cultures, it is difficult to describe any standard and uniform characteristics of pre-puberty education. Nevertheless, certain things are practiced commonly within cultures. Therefore, I dare affirm that the term education can also be applied to primitive cultures in the sense of enculturation, which is the process of cultural transmission. A primitive person, whose culture is the totality of his universe, has a relatively fixed sense of cultural continuity and timelessness. The model of life is relatively static and absolute, and it is transmitted from one generation to another with little deviation. As for prehistoric education, it can only be inferred from educational practices in surviving primitive cultures. Children actually participate in the social processes of adult activities, and their participatory learning is based upon what the American anthropologist Margaret Mead has called empathy, identification and imitation. Primitive children, before reaching puberty, learn by doing and observing basic technical practices. Their teachers are not strangers but, rather, their immediate community. In contrast to the spontaneous and rather unregulated imitations in pre-puberty education, post-puberty education in some cultures is strictly standardised and regulated. The teaching personnel may consist of fully initiated men, often unknown to the initiate though they are his relatives in other clans. The initiation may begin with the initiate being abruptly separated from his familial group and sent to a secluded camp where he joins other initiates. The purpose of this separation is to deflect the initiate's deep attachment away from his family and to establish his emotional and social anchorage in the wider web of his culture. The initiation “curriculum” does not usually include practical subjects. Instead, it consists of a whole set of cultural values, tribal religion, myths, philosophy, history, rituals and other knowledge. Primitive people in some cultures regard the body of knowledge constituting the initiation curriculum as most essential to their tribal membership. Within this essential curriculum, religious instruction takes the most prominent place. THE PROPER ROLE OF PRE-COLONIAL EDUCATION IN AFRICA Education is the process which provides the young with the knowledge, skills, and values which a society believes are necessary. Various forms of traditional education have existed in Africa for hundreds of years before the arrival of the first white man on our shores. Traditionally education is usually information about survival in one’s cultural milieu. The child learns from his parents and from elders the importance of traditional religion and customary law. He learns the traditions and history of his people. He imitates the habits and customs of his parents and elders. Over a period of time, he learns the customs and the way of life of his people. In some communities when the child grows up, he has a short period of formal instruction with his age mates in an initiation school and may perform some sort of initiation ceremony before he is accepted as an adult member of the community. Formal education in modern times takes place in nursery, primary, and secondary schools, followed by colleges and universities modelled after western styles. These teach young people the skills and knowledge that will be useful in getting a job. The economic development of a country depends on the quality of these schools and universities, and on the quality of their teachers, pupils and students. If a county does not have enough skills, the country cannot develop. Therefore, governments treat education as an investment for the future. Governments, therefore usually work out some form of educational planning. For example, in 1973 the National Council of Education met in Lagos to establish a national policy for education. They discussed two important ideas: should the government provide education for its own sake to develop the full personality of the pupil? Or should education prepare pupils to undertake specific jobs which will change their environment. The conference decided that both were essential and drew up a 4-year plan which had specific aims. A government has to decide how much to invest in education, and how much each part of the educational system will receive. For example, in the Nigerian 4-year development plan which started in 1973, the government decided to spend about 278 million naira (about 140 million pounds sterling) on education. This was about 13.5% of the total budget. The government decided to spend about 67 million naira on primacy education, about 57 million on secondary education, about 24 million naira on technical education, about 26 million naira on teacher training, about 82 million naira on university education and about 20 million naira on adult and other forms of education. Different educationists have different ideas about which part of the education system is important. Many believe that primary education is the most important. Many governments would like primary education to become free and compulsory for all the children in their county. This would lead to free secondary education. Others say that technical, scientific and agricultural educations are most important. They say that a country needs skilled farmers, engineers, doctors, plumbers, mechanics, and electricians so that it can develop successfully. Not many countries have programmes for adult education yet. Some educationists say that much education takes place outside the school – at home, on the job, in adult programmes, in agriculture and health, and in other forms of community development. They say that unless there is more adult education, it will be difficult to get rid of poverty, diseases and illiteracy among the older members of a country. Governments also have to decide which regions of their county will receive money for education. A common problem in all countries of Africa is the difference between education in the big cities and education in the rural communities. Schools in the community claim that they do not receive enough money and that most city teachers do not want to come and work in the rural areas of the country. Each government tries to work out a system of education that is best suited to its own country. They work out how much they can spend, how much they will give to each part of the educational system and to each region of their county, and they try to keep as their basic aim the need to produce skilled people who will find useful jobs and help their county to develop. This will in effect encourage self-employment and industry rather than all waiting fro white collar jobs. (Ref. African Encyclopaedia (1974) Oxford University Press) BRIEFS ON SOLUTIONS TO THE UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA Africans in the African colonies were indoctrinated with the notion of the inherent supremacy of European culture through everyday interaction with Europeans and through the few colonial schools Europeans established. The political systems of the indigenous African peoples were transformed, as traditional African rulers were usually forced to act as pawns of the colonial administration. Colonialism also had a major economic impact on Africans, as agricultural commodities, minerals, and people were usually exported from the African colonies to Europe and the New World rather than being used for the direct benefit of Africans. Roads, bridges, ports, and other facilities were built only to facilitate this export trade. Slavery and the colonial system were hated by Africans and were institutions that the Pan-African movement arose to combat. Pan-Africanism also developed to overcome the obstacles facing the African Diaspora—a scattered, diverse, and often disadvantaged population of people of African descent. Pan-African thinkers would maintain that, although they were dispersed throughout the world, African people and people of African descent were a unified people and should try to work together for the good of all. In 1957 Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African state to gain independence, and Nkrumah became its first prime minister. Nkrumah held the Pan-Africanist view that the independence of Ghana would be incomplete without the independence of all of Africa. To work toward this goal, he appointed Padmore to establish a Pan-African Secretariat within the Ghanaian government. The secretariat pursued the twin goals of total African independence and continental political union in two series of international conferences, held between 1958 and 1961: First, the All-African Peoples’ Conferences were held to stimulate independence movements in other African colonies. Second, Nkrumah organized the Conferences of Independent African States to establish a diplomatic framework for the political union of Africa. By inviting representatives from independent North African states to the conferences and by holding the 1961 All-African Peoples’ Conference in Cairo, Egypt, Nkrumah’s intent was clearly to unite the entire African continent. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. KENEZIAN THERAPEUTIC CONCLUSIONS Since peoples of African descent all over the world face similar socioeconomic and psycho-political challenges, we need to form a consortium of egg-heads who will strive to create better futures for our descendants. If the earlier international cooperation and shared strategies for bringing about social change are the legacies of the founders and protagonists of Pan-Africanism, what is the present generations of African intellectuals waiting for? The only vehicle that transmitted the culture of a people is excised as by the current nursery and kindergarten education given to our children in urban cities. None of them knows any traditional folklore that our forefathers used to teach morals! Even among the beneficiaries of university education, no one makes the effort to nip in the bud the enslavement of his/her children to depersonalisation caused by this estrangement to authentic African culture. The modern African literary writer thus only uses tradition as subject matter rather than as a means of affecting continuity with past cultural practices. The relationship between oral and written traditions and in particular between oral and modern written literatures is one of great complexity and not a matter of simple evolution. Modern African literatures were born in the educational systems imposed by colonialism, with models drawn from Europe rather than existing African traditions. These half-way measures must stop if we aspire at reclaiming what has been lost through many decades of colonial domination by the whites. We cannot afford the luxury of aping them in everything we do or depend on finished products and services from developed economies. To institutionalise therapeutic measures will be difficult until Africans realise the depth of mental enslavement all of us in! One social area where we are still mentally enslaved that has refused us independence is RELIGION. Only Professor Chinua Achebe identified this factor early and bemoaned it affront on the culture of his people: The writings of 20th-century Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe consider the impact of the modern world on traditional African culture. Achebe earned international renown with his first book, Things Fall Apart (1958), a novel set in eastern Nigeria under British colonial rule in the late 1800s. In the book, an exiled tribal leader returns to his village after seven years, only to find that colonial laws and the Christian religion have weakened the identity of the tribe. An actor recites this excerpt from the novel. © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved./(p) 1992 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. It was and still is a tragedy that despite our high sounding academic degrees and literary prizes won at international circles, the majority of Africans who studied abroad as well those at home are still victims of depersonalisation and de-realisation syndromes! Like the earlier attempts at Pan-Africanism, the present crops of intellectuals from independent African nations, owe it a duty to their children and posterity to fashion indigenous curricula that can douse the raging flames of neo-colonialism sweeping across the nations of Africa. This writer, a consultant clinical psychologist, is calling on all who have benefited from tertiary education to deploy what they acquired for the liberation of our kith and kin that do not realise that they are still mentally colonised! Here, I rest my case! DR JIDEOFO KENECHUKWU DANMBAEZUE, D. Sc, in Psychometrics Consultant Clinical Psychologist & Existential Family Therapist
13 · 27 January at 20:19
o                                                     
Jude Danmbaezue
 NIGERIA IS AN EXPERIMENT IN MEDIOCRITY A British Legacy in Deliberate Underdevelopment of Ex-Colonial Territories Resulted In the Dark Years of a Revolving Door of Military Dictators in a Bedevilled Nigeria By: Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, D.Sc. Consultant Clinical Psychologist& Existential Family Therapist Kenez Health Klinik & Happy Family Network International 5 Church Street, Federal Housing Estate, Trans-Ekulu, Enugu Phone: 0803-9097614 or 0805-1764999, E-mail: saintkenez@yahoo.co.uk You can also visit my website: www.happyfamilynetwork.hpage.com for more THE PREAMBLE: Has anyone ever bordered to ask, why was a primary classroom teacher preferred to lead a developing nation whereas that country had a British-trained barrister and an American-trained journalist as leading nationalists? Alternatively, put it this way, what was the rationale that warranted hoisting a ‘Homo Faber’ non-politician that never participated in the agitation for independence on an emerging nation whereas vibrant and prominent nationalists were available and eager to serve. They were deliberately ignored, maligned and craftily sidelined. The answer is simple for any political analyst who is worth his salt in evaluating the divide-and-rule diplomacy of Britain; Nigeria was/is merely an experiment in mediocrity by the British Political Class designed by expert neo-colonialists to maximise her full exploitation of the natural resources of the natives! The evidence is so clear and unambiguous. For thirty years, with only a few years respite, the civil polity in Africa’s most populous and the largest black nation worldwide bled under a revolving door of military rulers! Her citizens were simply ignored to grunt and die! THE DEPOSITION: Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, ex-Biafran Commando Major (BA/6532) of the Commando Brigade & Retired FLT LT (NAF 759) of the Medical Corps, emphatically states that NIGERIA IS AN EXPERIMENT IN MEDIOCRITY BY BRITISH NEO-COLONIAL MASTERS designed to exploit and under-develop it through remotely tele-guiding the Northern Mediocres they had hoisted/helped to cling to political power since her pseudo-independence in1960. To date they manipulate them from Buckingham Palace/No 10 Downing Street! The experiment is on-going; the 2011 post election riots prove my case. From the end of the unnecessary fratricidal war till 1999 the polity knew no peace and had no respite from the marauding Generals, all from the North, who changed batons in a marathon race of stealing authority, maiming opposition leaders and successively looting the national treasury. You may not blame them; they were drafted into the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) early in life for the sole purpose of dominating the Southerners for ever and were indoctrinated that the military would rule in the future by the Late Sultan Ahmadu Bello, the Sarduana of Sokoto, the leader of NPC. General Buhari, a protรฉgรฉ of the Late Sultan used it as his main campaign manifesto by reacting to the principle thus; he told Northern youths that if an ‘unbeliever’ from the South won the 2011 Presidential election; they would be slaves for the next 40 years. Read about all his tactics of playing on ethnic and religious sentiments from both local and international media. Below is a recent witness/exhibit: According to Friday, 22 April 2011 00:00 by Reuben Abati in Opinion – Columnists; “It is Buhari’s CPC that has literally been on the offensive. There is no iota of doubt whatsoever that the angry youths who have made a section of the country ungovernable believe that they are acting on behalf of the CPC. They have been chanting: “mu ke so, ba muso hanni” (It is Buhari we want, we don’t want an unbeliever”). General Buhari has been quoted in the media saying that he deplores the violence, he has also spoken on BBC Hausa service and he has issued two statements in English language to that effect. General Buhari has to do much more than that. His responses to the electoral process and his party’s have been at best contradictory and mischievous. It will be recalled that in the first week of March 2011, General Buhari advised his supporters to “lynch” anybody who tries to rig the April polls. In his words: “you should never leave polling centres until votes are counted and the winner declared and you should lynch anybody that tries to tinker with the votes.” Subsequently, with his supporters having been so incited, General Buhari disclosed that he did not intend to go to court as a person, but that his party could do so, in the event of his not winning the election. In the same month of March 2011, Buhari’s running mate, Pastor Tunde Bakare also allegedly declared that there would be a “wild wild North” if the elections were rigged. Buhari and Bakare were strongly criticized for this, with pointed insinuations by a group called “Coalition for Transparency and Integrity” that the CPC duo did not have the right temperament for the job that they sought. On April 16, General Buhari after voting complained about unusual aircraft movement and the distribution of ballot papers that had already been thumb-printed: “Buhari said that it was the responsibility of young people as major stakeholders to ensure that the elections were free and fair. If they allow the ruling party to mess them up, it is they who will suffer for the next 40 years.” (The Punch, April 17, at page 14). There has been a lot of lynching in the North since then! Today, we also have on our hands, a “wild wild North”. So, what exactly does General Buhari want? And what should he do? I have read the statement issued by General Buhari titled “Message of Peace and Hope.” There is very little about hope in that message. A speech in which the General writes off the entire election as fraudulent and Jega as insincere, and shows no sign of reconciliation with the opposition says nothing about hope, rather it says everything about the likely dangers ahead. General Buhari should realise that it is precisely this kind of attitude that led to the current crisis in Cote D’Ivoire. In the US Presidential election in 2000, Al Gore could have put his feet down over Florida: the margin between him and George Bush Jnr was so close, but in the end, he conceded defeat so America could move on. In 1979, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, who commanded like Buhari, a cult-like following chose to go to court to contest the results of the Presidential election in part, his disciples insist, in order to prevent violent protest in the South West, and the occurrence of another “wild wild West phenomenon.” It is such statesman-like conduct that is required from Buhari at this moment.” I thank Reuben Abati. He is a courageous journalist! I doff my cap for a patriot! In short, he literarily stated that Buhari incited the Muslim youths to lynch anyone who stopped them from winning the Presidential election. “If they allow the ruling party to mess them up, it is they who will suffer for the next 40 years.” (The Punch, April 17, at page 14). The best question to ask is; HOW HE GOT HIS FIGURE OF 40 YEARS. Can you not see how he got his figure of 40? Do a simple arithmetic; 2000 – 1960 = 40. That was the blueprint of the Northern Oligarchy masterminded and popularised by the almighty Sultan of Sokoto who had intended to dominate Nigeria with his select group of NDA graduates! If you did not know, then realise it now; KADUNA NZEOGWU pre-empted the Anglo-sponsored coup d’etat of NPC scheduled for the 17th of January 1966. His was a counter coup that the Omniscient and Merciful Creator used to save the Southerners from a pre-meditated slavery of 40 years! The British political strategists were fully aware of this and it explains why they ceded two-thirds of the nation both in land mass and population to the “Hausa and Fulani in the North (29.8 million), Yoruba in the West (12.8 million), and Ibo in the East (12.4 million). Although Western impact came late to the larger and more populated Muslim North, ruled by powerful feudal emirs, its legislative majority dominated the federal Parliament.” See Audrey Chapman, (Feb 1968) cited on p.10 below. Don’t ignore British ‘divide-&-rule’ demonic diplomacy! Remember also that a vehicle plate number slogan; “BORN TO RULE” came from the Northern home state of the Sultan. THEREFORE, MY DISSERTATION IS: “Nigeria is a perfect example of the British legacy of deliberately under-developing her ex-colonial territories. This resulted in the dark years of a revolving door of military dictators in a bedevilled Nigeria. From the end of the unnecessary fratricidal war till 1999 the polity has not known peace nor had any respite from the marauding military dictators, all from the North, who changed batons in a marathon race of looting the national treasury, perennially reducing our GNP, depleting the natural resources in the Delta region, misappropriating our foreign reserves, maiming opposition leaders and successively clinging onto political power as their late mentor had taught them to do.” -- Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, (Flt Lt J. K. D. Mbaezue, (rtd) NAF 759 LET ME PRESENT MY FIRST UNEDITED ACADEMIC WITNESS; Historical Experts from WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Nigerian Civil War Date 1967–1970 The diagram shows independent state of the Republic of Biafra in June 1967. Location Southern Nigeria Result Nigerian victory Belligerents Nigeria Biafra Commanders Yakubu Gowon Odumegwu Ojukwu Casualties and losses 200,000 Military/civilian casualties 1,000,000 Military and civilian casualties The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, 6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the south-eastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. CONTENTS 1 Causes of the conflict 2 Conflicts during the colonial era 3 Military coup 4 Counter-coup 5 Pogroms 6 Oil 7 Breakaway 8 Civil War 9 Stalemate 10 War's End 11 Aftermath and legacy 12 References 13 See also 14 Bibliography 15 External links Causes of the conflict The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. Like many other African nations, Nigeria was an artificial structure initiated by the British which had neglected to consider religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences [citation needed]. Nigeria, which won independence from Britain in 1960, had at that time a population of 60 million people consisting of nearly 300 differing ethnic and cultural groups. The causes of the Nigerian civil war were diverse. More than fifty years earlier, Great Britain carved an area out of West Africa containing hundreds of different groups and unified it, calling it Nigeria. Although the area contained many different groups, three were predominant: the Igbo, which formed between 60-70% of the population in the southeast, the Hausa-Fulani, which formed about 65% of the peoples in the northern part of the territory; the Yoruba, which formed about 75% of the population in the south-western part.[citation needed] The semi-feudal and Islamic Hausa-Fulani in the North were traditionally ruled by an autocratic, conservative Islamic hierarchy consisting of some thirty-odd Emirs who, in turn, owed their allegiance to a supreme Sultan. This Sultan was regarded as the source of all political power and religious authority. The Yoruba political system in the southwest, like that of the Hausa-Fulani, also consisted of a series of monarchs being the Oba. The Yoruba monarchs, however, were less autocratic than those in the North, and the political and social system of the Yoruba accordingly allowed for greater upward mobility based on acquired rather than inherited wealth and title. The Igbo in the southeast, in contrast to the two other groups, lived in some six hundred autonomous, democratically-organized villages. Although there were monarchs in these villages (whether hereditary or elected), they functioned predominantly as figureheads. Unlike the other two regions, decisions among the Igbo were made by a general assembly in which every man could participate. The differing political systems among these three peoples produced radically divergent customs and values. The Hausa-Fulani commoners, having contact with the political system only through their village head who was designated by the Emir or one of his subordinates, did not view political leaders as amenable to influence. Political decisions were to be obeyed without question. This highly centralized and authoritarian political system elevated to positions of leadership persons willing to be subservient and loyal to superiors, the same virtues required by Islam for eternal salvation. A chief function of this political system was to maintain Islamic and conservative values, which caused many Hausa-Fulani to view economic and social innovation as subversive or sacrilegious. In contrast to the Hausa-Fulani, the Igbo often participated directly in the decisions which affected their lives. They had a lively awareness of the political system and regarded it as an instrument for achieving their own personal goals. Status was acquired through the ability to arbitrate disputes that might arise in the village, and through acquiring rather than inheriting wealth. With their emphasis upon achievement, individual choice, and democratic decision-making, the challenges of modernization for the Igbo entailed responding to new opportunities in traditional ways. These tradition-derived differences were perpetuated and, perhaps, even enhanced by the British system of colonial rule in Nigeria. In the North, the British found it convenient to rule indirectly through the Emirs, thus perpetuating rather than changing the indigenous authoritarian political system. As a concomitant of this system, Christian missionaries were excluded from the North, and the area thus remained virtually closed to Western education and influence, in contrast to the Igbo, the richest of whom sent many of their sons to British universities. During the ensuing years, the Northern Emirs thus were able to maintain traditional political and religious institutions, while limiting social change. As a result, the North, at the time of independence in 1960, was by far the most underdeveloped area in Nigeria; with a literacy rate of 2% as compared to 19.2% in the East (literacy in Arabic script, learned in connection with religious education, was higher). The West enjoyed a much higher literacy level, being the first part of the country to have contact with western education in addition to the free primary education programme of the pre-independence Western Regional Government [1]. In the South, the missionaries rapidly introduced Western forms of education. Consequently, the Yoruba were the first group in Nigeria to become significantly modernized and they provided the first African civil servants, doctors, lawyers, and other technicians and professionals. In Igbo areas, missionaries were introduced at a later date because of British difficulty in establishing firm control over the highly autonomous Igbo villages. …………….(Audrey Chapman, “Civil War in Nigeria,” Midstream, Feb 1968). However, the Igbo people took to Western education zealously, and they overwhelmingly came to adopt Christianity. Population pressure in the Igbo homeland combined with an intense desire for economic improvement drove thousands of Igbo to other parts of Nigeria in search of work. By the 1960s the Igbo had become politically unified and economically prosperous, with tradesmen and literate elites active not just in the traditionally Igbo South, but throughout Nigeria.[2] Conflicts during the colonial era The British political ideology of dividing Nigeria during the colonial period into three regions North, West and East exacerbated the already well-developed economic, political and social competition among Nigeria's different ethnic groups. For the country was divided in such a way that the North had slightly more population than the other two regions combined. On this basis the Northern Region was allocated a majority of the seats in the Federal Legislature established by the colonial authorities. Handiwork of Deceitful Colonial British Administrators Within each of the three regions the dominant ethnic groups; the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo respectively formed political parties that were largely regional and tribal in character: the Northern People's Congress (NPC) in the North; the Action Group in the West (AG): and the National Conference of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) in the East. The present disintegration of Nigeria provides the evidence that these parties were not exclusively homogeneous in terms of their ethnic or regional make-up, rather they prove the fact that these parties were primarily based on ethnic cleavages in one region and one tribe. To simplify matters, we will refer to them here as the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo-based; or Northern, Western and Eastern parties. The subterfuge of Britons is clearly demonstrated here; ignoring the well-known British alphabetical order of presenting H before I and then Y. During the 1940s and 1950s the Igbo and Yoruba parties were in the forefront of the fight for independence from Britain. They also wanted an independent Nigeria to be organized into several small states so that the conservative North could not dominate the country. Northern leaders, however, fearful that independence would mean political and economic domination by the more Westernized elites in the South, preferred the perpetuation of British rule. As a condition for accepting independence, they demanded that the country continue to be divided into three regions with the North having a clear majority. Igbo and Yoruba leaders, anxious to obtain an independent country at all costs, accepted the Northern demands. That was where Awolowo and Zik blundered. It was a fatal error. They sold our birthright for a fleeting image of independence that was never to exist. Since then till now WE HAVE BEEN RULED FROM BUCKINGHAM PALACE AND 10 DOWNING STREET IN BRITAIN. During the Nigerian civil war of 1967 to 1970, the Nigerian government imposed blockades around Biafra, effectively cutting off the secessionist state’s food supply. The resulting famine in Biafra was devastating, as upwards of one million people died of starvation. The swollen bellies and ankles of these Biafran children are symptoms of kwashiorkor, an extreme form of protein-energy malnutrition. MEET MY SECOND ACADEMIC WITNESS; ROBERT STOCK OF MICROSOFT ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA Throughout the early 20th century, Nigerians found many ways to oppose foreign rule. Local armed revolts, concentrated in the middle belt, broke out sporadically and intensified during World War I (1914-1918). Workers in mines, railways, and public service often went on strike over poor wages and working conditions, including a large general action in 1945, when 30,000 workers stopped commerce for 37 days. Ire over taxation prompted other conflicts, including a battle in 1929 fought mainly by Igbo women in the Aba area. More common was passive resistance: avoiding being counted in the census, working at a slow pace, telling stories ridiculing colonists and colonialism. A few political groups also formed to campaign for independence, including the National Congress and the National Democratic Party, but their success was slight. In 1937 the growing movement was given a voice by Nnamdi Azikiwe, an Igbo nationalist, who founded the newspaper West African Pilot. Nnamdi Azikiwe Nnamdi Azikiwe was an important nationalist figure in colonial Nigeria and became the first president of independent Nigeria in 1963. UPI/Corbis World War II (1939-1945), in which many Nigerians fought for or otherwise aided Britain, increased the pace of nationalism. The growing anti-colonial feeling was most strongly articulated by two groups, the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), led by Azikiwe and supported mostly by Igbo and other easterners, and the Action Group, led by activist Obafemi Awolowo and supported mostly by Yoruba and other westerners. By the early 1950s, other parties had emerged, notably the Northern People’s Congress, a conservative northern group led by the Hausa-Fulani elite. The regional power bases of these parties foreshadowed the divisive regional politics that would follow colonialism. Pressure for independence from within Nigeria was complemented by pressure from other nations, and from reformers in Britain and in other colonies. In 1947 the British responded by introducing a new constitution that divided Nigeria into three regions: the Northern Region, the Eastern Region, and the Western Region. The Northern Region was mainly Hausa-Fulani and Muslim; the Eastern Region, Igbo and Catholic; and the Western Region, Yoruba and mixed Muslim and Anglican. The regions each had their own legislative assemblies, with mainly appointed rather than elected members, and were overseen by a weak federal government. Although short-lived, the constitution had serious long-term impact through its encouragement of regional, ethnic-based politics. The constitution failed on several counts, was abrogated in 1949 and was followed by other constitutions in 1951 and 1954, each of which had to contend with powerful ethnic forces. The Northern People’s Congress (NPC) argued that northerners, who made up half of Nigeria’s population, should have a large degree of autonomy from other regions and a large representation in any federal legislature. The NPC was especially concerned about respect for Islam and the economic dominance of the south. The western-based Action Group also wanted autonomy; they feared that their profitable western cocoa industries would be tapped to subsidize less wealthy areas. In the poorer east, the National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons wanted a powerful central government and a redistribution of wealth—the very things feared by the Action Group. The eventual compromise was the 1954 constitution, which made Nigeria a federation of three regions corresponding to the major ethnic nations. It differed from the 1947 constitution in that powers were more evenly split between the regional governments and the central government. The constitution also gave the regions the right to seek self-government, which the Western and Eastern regions achieved in 1956. The Northern Region, however, fearing that self-government (and thus British withdrawal) would leave it at the mercy of southerners, delayed the imposition until 1959. In December 1959, elections were held for a federal parliament. None of the three main parties won a majority, but the NPC, thanks to the size of the Northern Region, won the largest plurality. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, head of the NPC, entered a coalition government with the eastern NCNC as prime minister. The new parliament was seated in January 1960. Robert Stock of Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation, a historian from America here; presents the perspectives of the West on the result of the British experiment, in 1966. BACKGROUND OF THE PSEUDO-NATION CREATED BY BRITAIN (Unedited) With an active Parliament and a sturdy economy, the most populous country in Africa had seemingly made an easy transition to independence in 1960. Nigeria's 250 tribes, each with its own language and customs, were divided into three and later four regions, each dominated by major tribes: Hausa and Fulani in the North (29.8 million), Yoruba in the West (12.8 million), and Ibo in the East (12.4 million). Although Western impact came late to the larger and more populated Muslim North, ruled by powerful feudal emirs, its legislative majority dominated the federal Parliament. The better-educated, change-oriented, aggressive Ibos in the East, many of whom immigrated to key positions outside their crowded region, resented Northern dominance and the many evidences of federal corruption. The tragic events of 1966 began on January 15 when a military coup by army officers toppled the government and led to the establishment of military rule under an Ibo general, Johnson T. U. Aguiyi-Ironsi, who surrounded himself with Ibo advisers. Northern resentment led to attacks on Ibos, and on July 29 the regime of General Ironsi was overthrown, and Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Yakubu Gowon, a Northern Hausa, became the chief of state of the Federal Military Government (FMG). In September some 20,000 to 30,000 Ibos were massacred, and many more were attacked and maimed. Having reason to believe themselves marked for extermination, Ibos from all over Nigeria returned in a mass migration to the Eastern Region, where, under their regional military governor, Lieutenant Colonel (later General) Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, many pressed for local autonomy and the more militant called for independence. The break came on May 30, 1967, three days after the federal government divided the four regions into 12 states in a move to decentralize and thereby reduce tribal antagonisms. Cut off by the division from coastal trade and oil resources which would have made them economically viable, the Ibos declared the independence of the Eastern Region under the name of the Republic of Biafra (taken from the name of an inlet on the Gulf of Guinea). Fighting broke out in June, and despite Biafran forays during the early months of the war, the federal forces had, by the end of this year, closed an ever-narrowing ring around Biafra, which continued to resist in guerrilla fashion. Foreign Support. Somewhat incongruously, the countries supplying arms and other aid to federal Nigeria include Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United Arab Republic. Britain's motives include its colonial ties and post-independence trade and oil connections with Nigeria. Soviet aid of MIG fighters is attributed to anticipated ideological, trade, and oil concessions in federal Nigeria, which it sees as the inevitable winner. Egypt sympathizes with its Muslim co-religionists in the Northern Region. The United States, officially neutral, has barred arms sales to either side. But the U.S. government has acknowledged the FMG as the only legitimate government of Nigeria, a move which has evoked anti-U.S. sentiment among Biafrans. Public reaction against shocking reports of Biafran starvation has led three European countries—Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Belgium—to halt arms shipments to federal Nigeria. Biafra has received military aid from France, ostensibly for trade and oil preference should Biafra win. France also reportedly wants to spite the United States and Great Britain. On July 31 the French government called for a resolution of the war on the basis of the right of self-determination. Portugal has given Biafra the use of its air ports and telecommunications. Tanzania, in April, became the first country to recognize Biafra as an independent state. Three other African countries—Gabon, the Ivory Coast, and Zambia—recognized Biafra in May. Reports of Starvation. In October the head of the World Council of Churches relief program in Biafra estimated deaths from starvation at 186,000 in July, 310,000 in August, and 360,000 in September. Relief flights of food to Biafra, which reached an average of 15-18 a night, reduced deaths in October to about 200,000. Forecasts predicted 25,000 deaths a day in December unless a cease-fire was called. The International Committee of the Red Cross has fed 750,000 victims daily in what is left of Biafra, plus 500,000 daily in areas taken by federal troops. Many groups and prominent individuals, including Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, have criticized the American government for not sending direct food relief to Biafra. But U.S. officials maintained that they could not authorize such flights without permission from the federal Nigerian government and that U.S. government food and other aid must be channelled through private church relief agencies and the ICRC. Direct night flights to Biafra have been harassed by federal Nigeria, which had demanded that relief shipments land on federally held territory. Biafra would not accept such an arrangement, however, claiming that food passing through federal hands might be poisoned. In November the federal government said it would allow daytime flights of relief supplies into the Biafran airstrip at Uli, but the Biafran regime did not agree to this arrangement, possibly because night flights containing arms shipments would then be open to federal attacks. Unsuccessful Peace Talks. Peace talks began with unsuccessful secret sessions in London during January and February. More promising preliminary talks in early May led to an agreement that peace negotiations should begin in Kampala, Uganda, later that month. These talks, however, made little progress and were cut off by Biafra on May 31. At the August 5-September 9 talks in Addis Ababa, under the auspices of the Organization of African Unity, the warring representatives again deadlocked. Federal Nigeria has insisted that Biafra give up independence as a condition for peace; Biafra has replied that only autonomy can save the Ibos from massacre. On August 12, Pope Paul VI appealed for an end to the civil war. At a September meeting in Algeria, the OAU passed a resolution calling on Biafra to cease its fight for independence and to cooperate with Nigeria in seeking peace. Most of the 40 OAU member nations themselves contain tribal minorities with easily awakened antagonisms toward their central governments. It is feared that Biafra's success might prompt other rebellions and lead to a balkanization of Africa. Nigeria's ambassadors have played upon this fear in the capitals of African nations. At least one Biafran friend altered her stand. Dame Margery Perham, an Oxford University specialist on Africa who in August declared Biafrans as 'overwhelmingly the injured party ... who dare not surrender,' changed her mind on a subsequent visit to Nigeria. In September she broadcast a plea to Biafrans to surrender as the only way to save millions from death and starvation. Economic Developments. Federal Nigeria introduced new currency notes on January 3 in a move to stop Biafra's use of Nigerian pounds to buy arms abroad. Biafra was thus forced on January 30 to issue its own currency notes—which it imported from Switzerland—and postage stamps. While the cost of the civil war is incalculable in lost lives, one American economist estimated the financial cost to federal Nigeria at over $840 million. Nigeria was also hurt financially when Great Britain devalued the pound, as Britain is Nigeria's main trading partner. On January 18 the federal finance minister announced new controls on nonessential imports in an effort to strengthen the country's foreign reserves. Area and Population (including Biafra). Area, 356,669 sq. mi. Pop. (1963), 55,670,052. Density per sq. mi., 156. Principal cities: Lagos (cap.), 450,000; Enugu (cap. of Biafra), 63,000; Ibadan, 600,000. Government. Federal Military Government. Military head of state, Maj. Gen. Yakubu Gowon, rules Supreme Military Council and is advised by 12-member civilian Federal Executive Council, with Chief Obafemi Awolowo (Yoruba tribal leader) as vice-chairman. Finance. Monetary unit, Nigerian pound; £1 = US$2.80. Budget (est. 1968-1969): federal revenue, £152 million, of which £54 million reverts to state governments; federal expenditure, £96 million. Trade (1967). Exports, £241.8 million; imports, £223.6 million. Principal exports: petroleum (1967, 14.8 million tons), peanuts, palm kernels, cocoa, palm oil, rubber. Principal trading partners: United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations, United States, Japan, Netherlands, West Germany, Italy. Agriculture, Industry, and Mining. North: peanuts, cotton, hides, skins, columbite, tin. South: palm products, cocoa, rubber, timber, crude petroleum (1966, 20.7 million tons). Communication and Transportation. Railways: 1,870 mi. Roads: 50,000 mi. maintained, 10,000 mi. tarred. Motor cars (1965): 27,705. Education (1966). Primary enrollment, 3,025,981. Secondary enrollment, 211,305. University enrollment: Ibadan, 2,729; Nigeria Usukka, 3,482; Ahmadu Bello, 895; Ife, 945; Lagos, 1,119. Armed Forces. Federal Nigeria. Before the civil war: army, 7,000 troops; navy, 1 frigate, 3 patrol boats; air force, approximately 20 single-engine craft, several jets, several trainers, about 6 helicopters. Oct. 1967: 42,000 troops, 18 planes. Eastern Region (Biafra). 5,000 troops, 6 helicopters. Oct. 1967: under 10,000 troops, 2 bombers. Culled from Microsoft Archives that consist of articles that originally appeared in Collier's Year Book (for events of 1997 and earlier) or as monthly updates in Encarta Yearbook (for events of 1998 and later). Because they were published shortly after events occurred, they reflect the information available at that time. Cross references refer to Archive articles of the same year. 1968: Nigeria Biafra Encircled. After a year and a half of bitterly fought civil war, the Federal Republic of Nigeria had all but defeated breakaway Biafra. Toward the year's end, advancing federal forces had reduced Biafra's borders from an original 29,484 square miles to under 4,000 square miles, or an area some 100 miles long and 30 miles wide. In May, Biafra's vital port and oil center, Port Harcourt, fell to federal troops. In September federal forces took Aba, Biafra's last administrative center and the largest of its few remaining towns. Umuahia, the last Biafran stronghold, was encircled in November. The war was kept going by guerrilla tactics and by foreign-supplied military equipment and food. During the second half of the year the world was shocked by reports that as many as 25,000 Biafrans were dying each day from starvation, the result of the viselike federal blockade through which only harassed night flights could penetrate with food. Civil War Background. With an active Parliament and a sturdy economy, the most populous country in Africa had seemingly made an easy transition to independence in 1960. Nigeria's 250 tribes, each with its own language and customs, were divided into three and later four regions, each dominated by major tribes: Hausa and Fulani in the North (29.8 million), Yoruba in the West (12.8 million), and Ibo in the East (12.4 million). Although Western impact came late to the larger and more populated Muslim North, ruled by powerful feudal emirs, its legislative majority dominated the federal Parliament. The better-educated, change-oriented, aggressive Ibos in the East, many of whom emigrated to key positions outside their crowded region, resented Northern dominance and the many evidences of federal corruption. The tragic events of 1966 began on January 15 when a military coup by army officers toppled the government and led to the establishment of military rule under an Ibo general, Johnson T. U. Aguiyi-Ironsi, who surrounded himself with Ibo advisers. Northern resentment led to attacks on Ibos, and on July 29 the regime of General Ironsi was overthrown, and Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Yakubu Gowon, a Northern Hausa, became the chief of state of the Federal Military Government (FMG). In September some 20,000 to 30,000 Ibos were massacred, and many more were attacked and maimed. Having reason to believe themselves marked for extermination, Ibos from all over Nigeria returned in a mass migration to the Eastern Region, where, under their regional military governor, Lieutenant Colonel (later General) Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, many pressed for local autonomy and the more militant called for independence. The break came on May 30, 1967, three days after the federal government divided the four regions into 12 states in a move to decentralize and thereby reduce tribal antagonisms. Cut off by the division from coastal trade and oil resources which would have made them economically viable, the Ibos declared the independence of the Eastern Region under the name of the Republic of Biafra (taken from the name of an inlet on the Gulf of Guinea). Fighting broke out in June, and despite Biafran forays during the early months of the war, the federal forces had, by the end of this year, closed an ever-narrowing ring around Biafra, which continued to resist in guerrilla fashion. Foreign Support. Somewhat incongruously, the countries supplying arms and other aid to federal Nigeria include Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United Arab Republic. Britain's motives include its colonial ties and post-independence trade and oil connections with Nigeria. Soviet aid of MIG fighters is attributed to anticipated ideological, trade, and oil concessions in federal Nigeria, which it sees as the inevitable winner. Egypt sympathizes with its Muslim co-religionists in the Northern Region. The United States, officially neutral, has barred arms sales to either side. But the U.S. government has acknowledged the FMG as the only legitimate government of Nigeria, a move which has evoked anti-U.S. sentiment among Biafrans. Public reaction against shocking reports of Biafran starvation has led three European countries—Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Belgium—to halt arms shipments to federal Nigeria. Biafra has received military aid from France, ostensibly for trade and oil preference should Biafra win. France also reportedly wants to spite the United States and Great Britain. On July 31 the French government called for a resolution of the war on the basis of the right of self-determination. Portugal has given Biafra the use of its air ports and telecommunications. Tanzania, in April, became the first country to recognize Biafra as an independent state. Three other African countries—Gabon, the Ivory Coast, and Zambia—recognized Biafra in May. Reports of Starvation. In October the head of the World Council of Churches relief program in Biafra estimated deaths from starvation at 186,000 in July, 310,000 in August, and 360,000 in September. Relief flights of food to Biafra, which reached an average of 15-18 a night, reduced deaths in October to about 200,000. Forecasts predicted 25,000 deaths a day in December unless a cease-fire was called. The International Committee of the Red Cross has fed 750,000 victims daily in what is left of Biafra, plus 500,000 daily in areas taken by federal troops. Many groups and prominent individuals, including Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, have criticized the American government for not sending direct food relief to Biafra. But U.S. officials maintained that they could not authorize such flights without permission from the federal Nigerian government and that U.S. government food and other aid must be channeled through private church relief agencies and the ICRC. Direct night flights to Biafra have been harassed by federal Nigeria, which had demanded that relief shipments land on federally held territory. Biafra would not accept such an arrangement, however, claiming that food passing through federal hands might be poisoned. In November the federal government said it would allow daytime flights of relief supplies into the Biafran airstrip at Uli, but the Biafran regime did not agree to this arrangement, possibly because night flights containing arms shipments would then be open to federal attacks. Unsuccessful Peace Talks. Peace talks began with unsuccessful secret sessions in London during January and February. More promising preliminary talks in early May led to an agreement that peace negotiations should begin in Kampala, Uganda, later that month. These talks, however, made little progress and were cut off by Biafra on May 31. At the August 5-September 9 talks in Addis Ababa, under the auspices of the Organization of African Unity, the warring representatives again deadlocked. Federal Nigeria has insisted that Biafra give up independence as a condition for peace; Biafra has replied that only autonomy can save the Ibos from massacre. On August 12, Pope Paul VI appealed for an end to the civil war. At a September meeting in Algeria, the OAU passed a resolution calling on Biafra to cease its fight for independence and to cooperate with Nigeria in seeking peace. Most of the 40 OAU member nations themselves contain tribal minorities with easily awakened antagonisms toward their central governments. It is feared that Biafra's success might prompt other rebellions and lead to a balkanization of Africa. Nigeria's ambassadors have played upon this fear in the capitals of African nations. At least one Biafran friend altered her stand. Dame Margery Perham, an Oxford University specialist on Africa who in August declared Biafrans as 'overwhelmingly the injured party ... who dare not surrender,' changed her mind on a subsequent visit to Nigeria. In September she broadcast a plea to Biafrans to surrender as the only way to save millions from death and starvation. 1969: Nigeria Civil war continues. The most populous country in Africa continued to hurtle toward disaster in the third year of a devastating civil war. By September 1968, Federal Military Government troops had squeezed Biafra's 12.4 million people into a 5,000-square-mile area; the area has now been reduced to less than 3,000 square miles. The starvation of more than 1.5 million people on both sides has shocked the world as the war has dragged on, with the FMG receiving British, Soviet, and Egyptian military aid and Biafra receiving Portuguese and French aid. Other nations have responded with food and medical shipments, which must cross FMG territory to reach Biafra. Biafrans fear that the FMG will poison the food; the FMG insists on inspecting shipments to prevent arms smuggling. The FMG halted flights by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on June 5 and continued to fire on illegal night flights made by paid volunteers. Both sides continued to use starvation deliberately for political ends. The once prosperous Ibos, sure that they will never regain their former high status in Nigeria, fought on in this bitter war. The United States remained officially neutral but continued to recognize the FMG as the only legal government. Americans supplied money, food, and medicine to relieve Biafran suffering, but this may only help prolong the conflict. A battle for oil. The war-drained FMG treasury was bolstered by industrial expansion, increased cotton exports, and an oil boom. Wartime import restrictions have forced local production of some manufactured goods, so that industrialization has nearly doubled since the war began. Cocoa and peanut production have slipped, but cotton exports have increased. Oil is the FMG's big money-maker. Port Harcourt, recaptured by the FMG early this year, is the source of over half the country's oil. By 1975, Nigeria expects to earn $840 million (mainly from Shell-British Petroleum and Gulf Oil), double the current revenue from all sources. Oil income is also expected to be important in financing postwar reconstruction. After May, Biafran ground and air forces struck repeatedly at FMG's Port Harcourt oil installations. Some dozen hedgehopping and rocket-equipped Swedish-built Minicon training planes were flown mainly by Biafran pilots trained by Carl Gustav von Rosen, the Swedish count who is Biafra's chief air force adviser. These Biafran air strikes aimed to sap the FMG's oil-based economy and to goad British and American oil companies into pressing the FMG for peace. Relief flight talks stalled. After the shooting down on June 5 of a Red Cross mercy flight by the FMG, only a trickle of relief shipments on night flights piloted by private volunteers reached besieged and starving Biafrans. On August 3 a Canadian crew of four died in a Canair Relief Agency night flight plane crash near Uli airstrip in Biafra. On September 12 the ICRC reached an accord with the FMG on a three-week experiment of day flights with FMG arms inspection at the Red Cross base in Cotonou in neighboring Dahomey and further FMG inspection rights in the capital of Lagos. The plan seemed likely to abate Biafra's fear of poisoned food dispatched from FMG territory and was also a slight change from the FMG's former requirement that relief flights originate or touch down in FMG territory. But hopes were dashed on September 14, when Biafra Radio rejected the accord as militarily advantageous to the FMG. On October 22, Biafra Radio proposed that the ICRC resume night flights and hand over food and supplies to private pilots willing to risk FMG ground fire. A new relief proposal was made in October by several prominent Americans, including former vice-president Hubert H. Humphrey, Mrs. Coretta King, and Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who commanded the Berlin airlift in 1948. The plan would use 12 jet-powered helicopters operating from an aircraft carrier 50 miles off the Nigerian coast to shuttle food and medical supplies directly to FMG and Biafran starvation areas. Peace hopes dim. Worldwide hopes for Nigerian peace did not materialize from Pope Paul VI's three-day visit to Uganda, July 31-August 2, despite his talks with representatives from both sides. Peace hopes were revived again in late August by statements made in London by Nnamdi Azikiwe, a distinguished elder Ibo serving as Biafra's representative abroad. He is a hero of Nigerian independence, a former prime minister of the Eastern Region, and was Nigeria's first president. Having originally opposed secession, he now called on Biafra to give up the struggle and labeled as unfounded Biafra's fear of genocide in a reunited Nigeria. He pointed out that more Ibos now live without harassment in FMG territory—up to 5 million—than the approximately 3 million Ibos still in besieged Biafra. Biafran leaders were shocked and angered by his views, by his return to the FMG capital of Lagos on September 5, and by the warm reception given him by Major General Yakubu Gowon, the FMG leader. Peace initiatives were thought more likely to come from the 41-nation Organization of African Unity, which held its sixth annual meeting September 7-11 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to discuss Nigerian peace, among other matters. President Julius K. Nyerere of Tanzania, one of four OAU countries to recognize Biafra, called for a cease-fire. FMG representatives would not accept a cease-fire unless Biafra ended its secession. Ibo leaders in turn rejected negotiations based on reunification. A fresh approach sounded by the FMG's Gowon on September 10, calling for peace talks without preconditions, reportedly was accepted by Biafra two days later, but no direct talks took place in September or October. Acting from his present position of strength, Gowon was reportedly anxious for peace talks and seemed loath to make a massive quick kill, as urged by FMG hawks. Biafra's General Odumegwu Ojukwu and other leaders continued their guerrilla resistance, believing that they would be executed and the Ibos would be long harassed if Nigeria were reunited. Amnesty for civilians. The FMG's Gowon marked the ninth anniversary of Nigeria's independence of October 1 by ordering the release of civilians imprisoned during the civil war. The first major figure released was playwright Wole Soyinka, freed from a northern Nigerian jail in Kaduna on October 8. His plays have appeared on New York and London stages. A yoruba of western Nigeria, be had publicly sympathized with the Ibos in September 1966 and had been jailed August 17, 1967, after a visit to Biafra. Military action. Little military action occurred after April, when Biafra won back the town of Owerri, now its provisional capital. Biafra continued to make hit-and-run ground attacks and desultory air hits on oil refineries near Port Harcourt, 15 miles north of which the Biafra front line was said to be. So far an estimated 500,000 Biafrans have been killed in action. Biafran leaders claimed that 7.5 million Ibos minority tribes live in the oppressed Biafran enclave, but FMG authorities argued that the number within Biafra's shrinking defense perimeters was much smaller. 1970: Nigeria Civil war ends. Organized resistance in Nigeria's 30-month, bitterly fought civil war ended January 12 with a declaration of surrender over Biafran radio by Major General Philip Effiong. He succeeded secessionist leader General Odumegwu Ojukwu, who fled January 11 to asylum in the Ivory Coast. Unconditional surrender was accepted on January 15 by federal Nigerian leader Major General Yakubu Gowon, who declared general amnesty 'for all those misled into attempting to disintegrate the country.' He added: 'We have been reunited with our brothers.' The end became imminent on January 10 with the collapse of Owerri, Biafra's third provincial capital, and on January 12 Uli airstrip, Biafra's last link with the outside world, was captured. The civil war took an estimated 2 million lives, including many Biafran children and women, and cost over US$840 million according to the federal government. Relief efforts. The federal government's insistence on supervising all foreign relief operations in war-devastated areas, partly because of the pro-Biafra bias of some relief agencies, allegedly made for more red tape and a slowdown in meeting relief needs. An April 11 report from relief workers stated that 50,000 persons had died of starvation since the end of the civil war. The Nigerian Red Cross relief operations distributed an estimated 3,000 tons of food a week to 3 million people, mostly children, at the peak of the emergency in March. Relief operations were gradually reduced in scale and were taken over on June 30 by the National Rehabilitation Commission, which coordinated the efforts of voluntary relief agencies. These agencies promised to keep 14 teams operating until the end of September. Reconciliation and reconstruction. An international team of observers reported on January 16 that neither widespread starvation nor mistreatment of Biafrans had been found in the areas visited between Port Harcourt and Owerri. Secretary General U Thant of the UN, in Lagos on January 18, also reported no evidence of violence or mistreatment of the civilian population. In Lagos on February 19, U.S. secretary of state William P. Rogers praised Nigerians for their 'vital work of reconciliation and reconstruction.' Such early favorable accounts were marred by later reports of severe troop misbehavior, continued scarcity of food, and slow disposal of relief supplies. In February, 35 Catholic priests were jailed and fined for breaking immigration laws, and 64 missionaries, including ten nuns, all active in Biafran relief work, were deported. An August 15 decree stated that any public servant who supported the rebellion would be dismissed or forced to retire. The federal Ministry of Information clarified the decree on August 17 by stating that its purpose was not to penalize all officials but only those who were proved to have exhibited 'undue enthusiasm' in furthering the rebellion. Gowon announced on April 20 that former Biafra would be reinstated as the East-Central State on an equal basis with the other 11 states in federal Nigeria. The state would be led by Ukpabi Anthony Asika, an Ibo who had been appointed administrator of the East-Central State in 1967 and who had remained loyal to Nigeria during the civil war. The government made a flat exchange payment, worth US$56, to each of the 200,000 persons who had deposited Biafran currency in the Central Bank. Railway restoration was begun in areas devastated by war, some night flights were resumed, the eastern ports of Port Harcourt and Calabar were opened to foreign ships, telephone lines were restored between Lagos and Enugu, government incentives were offered to villages to organize rural development projects, and a number of schools were reopened. Foreign relations. Nigeria moved toward normalizing its foreign relations, particularly with nations which had recognized or aided Biafra. Gowon met in Lagos on February 25 with French deputy Aymar Achille-Fould; although the restoration of amicable relations was announced, some antipathy remained toward France because of its support of Biafra. In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the opening of the summit meeting of the Organization of African Unity on September 1, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia announced that a 'total reconciliation' had taken place between Nigeria and the four African countries which had recognized Biafra: Gabon, the Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia. Earlier, in May, resumed relations were sought by the Ivory Coast, whose president had conferred on the matter with the presidents of Chad and Gabon, all three of which are tied closely to France. Secessionist leader Ojukwu, in exile in the Ivory Coast, also attended the meeting. In October, Ojukwu was asked to leave the Ivory Coast, ostensibly because he broke his promise to refrain from political activity by granting news interviews. He was reportedly refused asylum by Switzerland in late October. Nigeria resumed commerce with Cameroon on the Benue River on August 14 as a result of an agreement on strengthening ties and signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Dahomey on August 19. Also in August, Gowon visited Algeria, the Sudan, and Egypt. Civil war lessons. Federal victory evoked worldwide press speculation about the reporting of the civil war, starvation as a weapon of war, and the motives of intervening powers. In retrospect, some critics cite press reports as all too often emphasizing atrocities at the expense of socioeconomic and political analysis. Some editors and reporters presented a primitive stereotype of Africans, particularly federal soldiers. In order to gain world sympathy, recognition, relief, and arms, powerful Biafran lobbies in such countries as the United States and Great Britain encouraged emotional reports presenting Biafrans as wronged, beleaguered, and starved. Advocates of this position point out that Biafran capitulation was caused as much by waning outside support as it was by federal military action. Some reporting of humanitarian efforts may have unfairly presented the federal government's reasons for insisting on supervision of relief shipments. Some relief agencies publicly favored Biafra, frankly called themselves 'bootleggers of mercy,' and gave the rebels tacit recognition by illegally dealing directly with them. Little stressed, too, were the paranoid Biafran fear of poison in federally inspected food, the possible arms concealment in relief shipments from or passing through countries recognizing Biafra and committed to its victory, the inefficiency of competing relief agencies, their interdenominational rivalry in order to gain an advantage for future proselytizing efforts, and the capitulation of the big powers to their propagandized public, which wanted to hasten and increase relief shipments. Speculation also centered on the motives of the intervening powers and on the consequences of their intervention. Britain's support of the federation it had launched was clear, and its subsequent trade benefits were understandable. Former French president de Gaulle's aid to Biafra was seen as consistent with his antipathy to the Anglo-American alliance, his encouragement of separatism as in Quebec, his hoped-for dominance of Biafran oil-production potential, and his fear that a powerful federal Nigeria posed a threat to African countries in the French economic orbit. The Soviet Union's motives were explained as another attempt to gain a foothold in West Africa after its recent failures in Guinea and Ghana. The United States' prohibition of arms to either side was seen as a test of its resolve not to act as world policeman and not to counter every Soviet intrusion. In general, observers felt that, having learned the stern lessons of big-power involvement, federal Nigeria is likely to pursue an independent course and to keep foreigners at arm's length for some time to come. Outlook. Restrained optimism marked Nigeria's tenth independence anniversary on October 1. Gowon promised a new national census by 1973 and a new constitution as preludes to elections leading to a return to civilian government by 1976, or earlier if possible. Most close observers saw Gowon's leadership as a necessary factor in maintaining peaceful progress, but few had expected the elections to be delayed as long as six years. Those who are optimistic about Nigeria's future point to the rapid pace of the return to economic and social normalcy. A reasonable reconciliation with the Biafrans has been achieved despite dire predictions of their being massacred. The federal victory held together over 400 diverse tribes, and the 1967 redrawing of the former four contentious regions into 12 more equitably balanced states should help prevent tribal differences from causing another war. In February the oil industry output exceeded the highest prewar level, making Nigeria the world's tenth-largest oil producer. In November, Gowon announced a four-year plan to develop Nigerian industry. The government plans to control the nation's industries and 'strategic natural resources' to make sure companies comply with the planned growth timetable. The oil industry, presently entirely foreign run, will be taken over by a planned national oil corporation. The development plan appropriated $658 million, of which $114 million will be spent in 1970-1974, for implementing industrial expansion. In addition, money was allotted for expansion and modernization of the public transportation, educational, and agricultural systems. From the end of the unnecessary fratricidal war till 1999 the polity knew no peace and had no respite from the marauding Generals who changed batons in a marathon race of maiming opposition leaders and successively looting the national treasury. WHEN SHALL WE BE TRUELY INDEPENDENT OF BRITAIN? We are being manipulated from Buckingham Palace and 10 Downing Street by remote controls, while we mistakenly think it is our Northerners brothers who are being used against us are our real enemies. They are not! They have been brainwashed! MY DEAREST COMPATRIOTS, DON'T SIT ON THE FENCE, OUR CHILDREN'S FUTURE IS AT STAKE. I NEED VERITABLE ANSWERS NOW BEFORE ANOTHER CIVIL WAR ENGULFS US. Dr Jideofo Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, (D.Sc. in Psychometrics), Consultant Clinical Psychologist/Existential Family Counsellor • F/Major, Degema Strike Force, 12th Commando Brigade, Biafra, 1968 - 1969. • Retired Substantive Flt Lt, NAF Medical Service, Kano/Kaduna, 1976 -1979. HAPPY EASTER FOR SURVIVING TILL THE YEAR 2011. GOD BLESS AND KEEP ALL OF YOU SAFE FOR ME!
26 January at 01:38
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Harold Guiob
 A CALL TO REGISTER FOR ELECTIONS IN NAMIBIA - THINKING ABOUT A DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONTRACT FOR AFRICA! Oriental City encourages all eligible Namibians to register now in order to participate in the national elections later this year. Your vote is the finger that switches electricity on in State house, Parliament, the Courts, Police and Prisons. And so, with just one thumb - and with a little help from villagers into the polling booth - our old and blind meme in Ondobe transfers her sacred trust to men and women she has never seen and never will, to ensure that her grandchildren 'see and taste' the life she has not seen and tasted! Voting therefore, is not an end in itself, a destination or a quantitative exercise that ends with dropping your ballot into the ballot box. It is fundamentally more than that. It is a sacred means to achieve a credible outcome. It is a journey. It is a qualitative relationship between the voter and the trust holder. It is a Social Contract that cannot be betrayed! We, the voters, supply the sword to the 'gladiator in the middle of the ring'. When the battle is won, the victory must be shared! All must benefit….starting from the invisible work-horses behind the pavilion, who identify the forest, who gather the wood, who make the fire, who burn the iron, who shape the sword, who sharpen the sword...to the visible cheerleaders on the pavilion who drop the complete and lethal weapon into the ring. These tenets of the social contract assist in redefining the purpose of elections in Africa. And so, it matters less where we cast our ballots, whether in Tjaka Ben Hur, /รข ≠gomes, Okamatapati, Sibinda or Kaisosi, it is about the big picture. Our eyes must always be fixed on Africa. Therefore, our national voter education campaigns must seek legitimacy in the African social reality in order to remain relevant to the rapidly changing social conditions on the continent. Goal posts keep changing and what we celebrate as a record today becomes a minimum requirement tomorrow! Your vote in Rehoboth therefore, must speak to the social conditions in South Sudan, in the Central African Republic, in Mali and in Egypt and say NO to armed conflicts, to political violence, to loss of property, to hardships of forced removals from homes and the despicable social conditions in refugee camps on foreign soils. In the words of Pope Francis: 'in the person you today see simply as an enemy to be beaten, discover rather your brother or sister, and hold back your hand! Again, your vote in Vaalgras must speak to Africa and say YES to dialogue, political tolerance, peace, development, solidarity and social progress! Your vote is more powerful than you think. Your vote is a vote for a better Africa! SO, GO OUT ALL AND REGISTER NOW!
21 · 24 January at 14:28
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Dico Sea
God bless u Fahamu for the great work you are doing on behalf of africa continent. I am an africanist to the call ,who rebel against the imperialist and the practices of the imperialism. Africa is my land, Africa is where I belong,and in africa I will die, so I must do everything within my reach to help my african peoples in all corners of the earth. Africa Unite.................
11 · 21 January at 17:58