I HEREBY PROPOSE THAT EVE WAS OLDER THAN ADAM OR ELSE WHY DID BIBLE NARRATIVES MISS OUT
THAT A FEMALE VERTEBRA IS THE OLDEST BONE FOUND IN OLDUVAI GORGE
Paleoanthropologists have debated interpretations of the
characteristics of A. afarensis and its place in the human family tree.
One controversy centers on the Laetoli footprints, which some scientists
believe show that the foot anatomy and gait of A. afarensis did not
exactly match those of modern humans. This observation may indicate that early
australopiths did not live primarily on the ground or at least spent a
significant amount of time in the trees. The skeleton of Lucy also indicates
that A. afarensis had longer, more powerful arms than most later human
species, suggesting that this species was adept at climbing trees.
Footprints From the Past
In 1978 in Laetoli, Tanzania, a
research team led by British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey discovered these
3.6-million-year-old human footprints preserved in a layer of hardened volcanic
ash. Two early humans of the species Australopithecus afarensis left the
footprints as they walked across the African savanna.
John Reader/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Another controversy has to do with the scientific
classification of the A. afarensis fossils. Compared with Lucy,
who stood only 1.1 m (3.5 ft) tall, other fossils identified as A. afarensis
from Hadar and Laetoli came from individuals who stood up to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall.
This great difference in size leads some scientists to suggest that the entire
set of fossils now classified as A. afarensis actually represents two
species. Most scientists, however, believe the fossils represent one highly dimorphic
species—that is, a species that has two distinct forms (in this case, two
sizes). Supporters of this view note that both large (presumably male) and
small (presumably female) adults occur together in one site at Hadar.
Lucy
In 1974 American paleoanthropologist
Donald Johanson discovered the skeleton of “Lucy,” a 3.2-million-year-old
female of the early human species Australopithecus afarensis, at Hadar,
Ethiopia. Until the late 1990s, Lucy’s was the most complete skeleton of an
australopithecine ever found. Australopithecines were primitive humans that
first evolved over 4.4 million years ago. Lucy’s pelvis and leg bones, similar
to those of modern humans, indicate that she regularly walked upright.
John Reader/Science Photo
Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Can you imagine that theses millions of years were what
simple folks TRIVIALISED in just two incoherent chapters of Bible narrative in
Genesis besides the puerile confabulation of repeating the original naïve fable
or call it the obsolete legendary cum prehistoric creation story dovetailed
from Chapter 2 verse 3! The non-scientist reduced to simplicity a huge
engineering feat that lasted millions of years and it makes archaeologists look
stupid?
Gen 1:1-2:3
1:1 In the beginning God created
the heaven and the earth.
2 And the earth was without form,
and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God
moved upon the face of the waters.
3 And God said, Let there be
light: and there was light.
4 And God saw the light, that it
was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
5 And God called the light Day,
and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the
first day.
6 And God said, Let there be a
firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the
waters.
7 And God made the firmament, and
divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were
above the firmament: and it was so.
8 And God called the firmament
Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
9 And God said, Let the waters
under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land
appear: and it was so.
10 And God called the dry land
Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw
that it was good.
11 And God said, Let the earth
bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit
after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
12 And the earth brought forth
grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit,
whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
13 And the evening and the
morning were the third day.
14 And God said, Let there be
lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let
them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:
15 And let them be for lights in
the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
16 And God made two great lights;
the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he
made the stars also.
17 And God set them in the
firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
18 And to rule over the day and
over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it
was good.
19 And the evening and the
morning were the fourth day.
20 And God said, Let the waters bring
forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly
above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
21 And God created great whales,
and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth
abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw
that it was good.
22 And God blessed them, saying,
Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl
multiply in the earth.
23 And the evening and the
morning were the fifth day.
24 And God said, Let the earth
bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and
beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
25 And God made the beast of the
earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that
creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
26 And God said, Let us make man
in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the
earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
27 So God created man in his own
image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
28 And God blessed them, and God
said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue
it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air,
and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.
29 And God said, Behold, I have
given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and
every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall
be for meat.
30 And to every beast of the
earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the
earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it
was so.
31 And God saw every thing that
he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning
were the sixth day.
Genesis 2
2:1 Thus the heavens and the
earth were finished, and all the host of them.
2 And on the seventh day God
ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his
work which he had made.
3 And God blessed the seventh
day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work
which God created and made.
King James Version
SO CAN OUR SO-CALLED CHURCH
FATHERS AND ROMAN CATHOLIC JESUIT THEOLOGIANS ANSWER ME…WHY WERE THESE ERUDITE
SCHOLARLY WORK NOT INCLUDED IN THE FORMULATION OF DOCTRINES AND DOGMAS THEY FED
US WITH SINCE OUR INFANTHOOD? SO, WHO IS FOOLING WHO ? ?
DR JIDEOFO KENECHUKWU DANMBAEZUE
The Current Revolutionary Professor of
Modern Theosophy needs honest answers o o
You must look at these pictures and
read a little of the carbon dated archaeological discoveries and findings
documented about the oldest humans excavated at the famous Olduvai Gorge in
Africa
Next, read from
WIKIPEDIA ENCYCLOPEADIA
Olduvai Gorge, or Oldupai Gorge,
in Tanzania is
one of the most important paleoanthropological sites
in the world; it has proven invaluable in furthering understanding of
early human evolution. A steep-sided ravine in
the Great Rift Valley that stretches
across East Africa, it is about 48 km (30 mi) long,
and is located in the eastern Serengeti
Plains in the Arusha
Region not far, about 45 kilometres (28 miles), from Laetoli,
another important archaeological site of early human occupation. The
British/Kenyan paleoanthropologist-archeologist team Mary and Louis
Leakey established and developed the excavation and research
programs at Olduvai Gorge which achieved great advances of
human knowledge and world-renowned status.
Homo habilis, probably the first early
human species, occupied Olduvai Gorge approximately 1.9 million years ago
(mya); then came a contemporary australopithecine, Paranthropus boisei, 1.8 mya, then Homo
erectus, 1.2 mya. Homo
sapiens is dated to have occupied the site 17,000 years ago.
The site is significant in showing the increasing developmental
and social complexities in the earliest humans, or hominins,
largely as revealed in the production and use of stone
tools. And prior to tools, the evidence of scavenging and hunting—highlighted
by the presence of gnaw marks that predate cut marks—and of the ratio of meat
versus plant material in the early hominin diet. The collecting of tools and
animal remains in a central area is evidence of developing social interactionand communal activity. All
these factors indicate increase in cognitive capacities
at the beginning of the period of hominidstransitioning
to hominin—that
is, to human—form and behavior.
Olduvai
also spelled Olduwai
paleoanthropological
site in the eastern Serengeti Plain, within the boundaries of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in northern Tanzania. It is a steep-sided ravine
consisting of two branches that have a combined length of about 30 miles (48
km) and are 295 feet (90 metres) deep. Deposits exposed in the sides of the
gorge cover a time span from about 2,100,000 to 15,000 years ago. The deposits
have yielded the fossil remains of more than 60 hominins (members of the human
lineage), providing the most continuous known record of human evolution during the past 2,000,000
years, as well as the longest known archaeological record of the development of
stone-tool industries. Olduvai Gorge was designated part of a UNESCO World
Heritage site in 1979. Although Olduvai Gorge has often been called the
“Cradle of Mankind,” a different World Heritage site called the “Cradle of
Humankind” is located in South Africa. Compare Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai.
- Rock formation at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.
The Olduvai fossil beds accumulated in a lake basin between 4
and 9 miles (7 and 15 km) in diameter. The lake is underlain by volcanic rocks
of the Pliocene Epoch (5.3 to 1.8 million years ago)
and, farther below, by metamorphic deposits of Precambrian time (more than roughly 540 million
years ago). Relatively continuous rift-valley fault movements and volcanic
action left Olduvai deeply incised. Water flow through the gorge further eroded
the rock, exposing a delineated sequence of strata from which evolutionary
events could be traced. Seven major stratigraphic units, or formations, have
been distinguished. From the oldest to the youngest they are: Bed I (about 1,700,000 to 2,100,000 years old), Bed II (1,150,000–1,700,000 years old), Bed III (800,000–1,150,000 years old), Bed IV (600,000–800,000 years old), the Masek Beds (400,000–600,000 years old), the Ndutu
Beds (32,000–400,000 years old), and the Naisiusiu
Beds (15,000–22,000 years old).
- Reconstructed replica of “Nutcracker Man,” a
1.75-million-year-old …
- Replica of “Twiggy,” a reconstructed Homo
habilis skull …
a more
humanlike species, were also found at Olduvai. These included OH 24, a skull
popularly known as “Twiggy” because it had to be reconstructed from a flattened
state.
The
remains of Bed I are found principally where streams from volcanic highlands
brought fresh water to the southern margin of an alkaline lake that existed at
Olduvai. Conditions for preservation were unusually favourable at these sites
because ashfalls from nearby volcanoes and fluctuations of the lake led to
rapid burial of the hominin and associated remains. Other finds include Oldowan
tools and the bones and teeth of various animals, notably medium-sized
antelopes. Long animal bones and others containing marrow generally have been
split and broken and often display bone-tool cut marks.
Living sites in Beds
II, III, and IV generally are found in former river or stream channels. Bed II
is 66–98 feet (20–30 metres) thick and consists of different rock formations
separated by a disconformity, or erosional break. Only the Oldowan industry occurs
below the disconformity; the so-called Developed Oldowan industry and the Acheulean industry occur above. H. habilis
remains were found in the lower one-third of Bed II, and a cranium of H.
ergaster (also called African H. erectus) was collected near the top of
Bed II. P. boisei occurs both in upper and lower parts of Bed II.Beds III and IV were deposited on an alluvial plain. These two units are distinct only in the eastern part of the gorge and are elsewhere combined into a single unit. The two beds have a maximum aggregate thickness of about 98 feet (30 metres) and consist almost entirely of stream-laid detrital sediment. Archaeological sites in Beds III and IV represent the Developed Oldowan and Acheulean industries. Hominin remains there are assigned to H. erectus and other species of Homo.
The Masek Beds accumulated during a period of major faulting and explosive volcanism. They are some 82 feet (25 metres) thick and consist of about equal amounts of stream-laid detrital sediment and aeolian (wind-worked) tuff. Only one archaeological site, of the Acheulean industry, is known in these beds. The Ndutu Beds were deposited during intermittent faulting, erosion, and partial filling of the gorge. They consist largely of aeolian tuffs, and their maximum thickness is 79 feet (24 metres). The Naisiusiu Beds were deposited on the sides and in the bottom of the gorge after it had been eroded to very near its present level. These deposits are as much as 33 feet (10 metres) thick and consist largely of aeolian tuff. They contain one archaeological site consisting of a microlithic tool assemblage and a H. sapiens skeleton, both of which have an age of about 17,000 years.
The earliest recognized members of the genus Homo belong to the species H. habilis. First identified by Louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania,
H. habilis is also known from elsewhere in Africa.
I CANNOT GO ON
REPRODUCING ALL THE DETAILS GET MORE
FROM THE INTERNET OR BRITANNICA ON LINE PLEASE
YOU CANNOT SERVE GOD AND MAMMON BUT YOU SERVE OGD OR MAMMON IF AND ONLY
IF YOU DECPHER THE DIFFERENCES
Dr Jideofo
Kenechukwu Danmbaezue, D.Sc.
Revolutionary
Professor of Modern Theosophy
Our
job here is so simple once you can see the title from the two opposing
perspectives it really denotes. But, let me first, introduce our readers and
true children of the Creator to the fundamental reason why “GOD” is the wrong
terminology for referring to the almighty Absolute Truth, Architect, Engineer
of this entire universe! The Founders of the International Cult today known as
“ILLUMINATI” coined it to simply derogate the Unitarian Godhead!
Witness; spell “GOD” or “gods” BACKWARDS and for the first time in
your life see exactly what you really mistakenly call the Almighty Creator,
Father of All the Exists! IS IT RIGHT, NO! But that is exactly what they had in
mind! So, my dear follower, denounce it totally!
None
of us has a right to even address this Divine Superlative Being “HE or “HIM”
for there is proof that feminists accept masculinising what sustains all that
exists. Since we exist, live by and move around in all what were designed by,
brought into materialisation, sustained and regulated by this Supreme Being, I
do hereby suggest we always classify as in neuter “IT”!
LET US HASTEN TO THE TOPIC UNDER
SCRUTINY
I
did not initiate the title, someone greater me in history really did propose
its relevance and we calculate our calendar years from his birth:
Matt 6:19-33
19 Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon
earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and
steal:
20 But lay up for yourselves treasures in
heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not
break through nor steal:
21 For where your treasure is, there will
your heart be also.
22 The light of the body is the eye: if
therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light.
23 But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body
shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness,
how great is that darkness!
24 No man can serve two masters: for either
he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and
despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.
25 Therefore I say unto you, Take no
thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for
your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than
raiment?
26 Behold the fowls of the air: for they
sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father
feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they?
27 Which of you by taking thought can add
one cubit unto his stature?
28 And why take ye thought for raiment?
Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they
spin:
29 And yet I say unto you, That even
Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
30 Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of
the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not
much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?
31 Therefore take no thought, saying, What
shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed?
32(For after all these things do the
Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these
things.
33 But seek ye first the kingdom of God,
and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.
From the Original King James Version
SEE
ANOTHER COMMENDABLE PASSAGE
Luke 16:8-17
8 And the lord commended the unjust
steward, because he had done wisely: for the children of this world are in
their generation wiser than the children of light.
9 And I say unto you, Make to yourselves
friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive
you into everlasting habitations.
10 He that is faithful in that which is
least is faithful also in much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust
also in much.
11 If therefore ye have not been faithful
in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?
12 And if ye have not been faithful in that
which is another man's, who shall give you that which is your own?
13 No servant can serve two masters: for
either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the
one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.
14 And the Pharisees also, who were
covetous, heard all these things: and they derided him.
15 And he said unto them, Ye are they which
justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is
highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God.
16 The law and the prophets were until
John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth
into it.
17 And it is easier for heaven and earth to
pass, than one tittle of the law to fail
……………………………..KJV
AND A RECAPITULATION OF MATTHEW’s ACCOUNT
Luke 16:18-17
11 If therefore ye have not been
faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true
riches?
12 And if ye have not been faithful in
that which is another man's, who shall give you that which is your own?
13 No servant can serve two masters:
for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to
the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.
14 And the Pharisees also, who were
covetous, heard all these things: and they derided him.
15 And he said unto them, Ye are they
which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that
which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God.
16 The law and the prophets were until
John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth
into it.
17 And it is easier for heaven and
earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail.
KJV
THESE ARE TO WHET YOUR ACADEMIC APPETITE FOR 2018
NOW SEE THE PANACEA FOR RACISM.........READ
AGUNABU BIAFRA'S PUBLICATION IN WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Agunabu Biafra Publication in WIKIPEDIA the Free Encyclopaedia
A CROSS-CULTURAL HARMONISATION OF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
THE PANACEA FOR RACISMBy
Dr. J. K. Danmbaezue, D. Psych., FACRS,
Consultant Clinical Psychologist / Existential Family Therapist.
M.D. Kenez Health Clinic, & ANIMATOR, Happy Family Network International
Block: C, House: 82, Federal Housing Estate, Trans-Ekulu, Enugu.
P. O. Box 1995. Phone 042-551199 or 550344
ENUGU STATE OF NIGERIA
Being the Paper presented at
THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON RACISM
Holding at Durban, South Africa
23rd August – 2nd September 2001.
Abstract
This guest paper emphasizes the origins and development of prejudice, discrimination, ethnocentrism, stereotypy and religious bigotry as the seeds that germinate into racism or racialism, dominant and minority ethnic groups that culminate in stressful relations, violence and wars.
A cross-cultural harmonization of child-rearing practices is the author’s therapeutic prescription if youths must be re-oriented towards the universal brotherhood of mankind. We have the same basic anatomy and physiology; we share the same air, water, food and rest periods. Blood groupings, emotions, motivations, and libido allow for similar sex attractions, pregnancies and births. So, where do these ethnic superiority and inferiority complexes come from?
The “Kenezian Creed” and “The Letter to Educationists all over the world”, epitomize the ideals that this Existential Therapeutic Programme enunciates. The panacea for racism is a systematic re-education, religious liberalism and socio-political equality, which should form the foundations of cross-cultural harmonization of youth counselling and personality development initiatives.
Concise C. V.
Dr. J. K. Danmbaezue is a sixty-four year old privately employed Psychotherapist & Psychometrician with an outfit where the counsels young adults about to wed, administering psychological tests and utilizing them objectively to re-direct incompatible couples. He is a certified Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Existential Family Therapist registered in Nigeria. He also has an NGO-christened HAPPY FAMILY NETWORK INTERNATIONAL, which aims at the globalization of those principles neatly encapsulated in the Kenezian Creed and His letter to All Educationists. He is happily married and has three kids. He holds a Doctor of Science degree in psychometrics besides his Fellowship of the African College of Research Scientists.
INTRODUCTION:
Philosophy demands the delimitation of concepts, terms or nomenclatures for clarity of discussions, analyses, conclusions and recommendations. The following are relevant in our case:
Prejudice is “a system of negative conceptions, feelings and action-orientations regarding the members of a particular group”; whereas “Discrimination” refers to “overt action in which members of a group are accorded unfavourable treatment on the basis of their religious, ethnic or racial membership” Zanden, (1972).
Ethnocentrism is “an exaggerated tendency to think the characteristics of one’s own group or race superior to those of other groups or races” whereas “stereotypy” means “a pathological symptom of mental or nervous disorder showing itself in continuous repetition of seemingly senseless words and syllables, or of certain posture’s and actions”. Drever (1972).
Religious bigotry refers to “an obsessive belief and practice system whereby a person or group of people has strong and unreasonable opinion and will not listen to or accept any contrary views or religious opinions of anyone who disagrees”. Hornby (1976).
Racism or Racialism refers to “any set of beliefs that organic genetically transmitted differences (whether real or imagined) between human groups are intrinsically associated with the presence or absence of certain socially relevant abilities or characteristics, hence that such differences are a legitimate basis of invidious distinctions between groups socially defined as races” Berghe (1967).
Ethnic Group is a parallel term for race “which is often socially defined on the basis of cultural characteristics superimposed on perceived physical traits defined by the group and/or is defined by other groups as different.... by virtue of innate... inherited on genetically induced behavioural patterns”. A. H. Coleman-cited in – Krauss (1976) and this naturally leads us to Dominant and Minority groups – which are the remote and immediate causes of violence, terrorism and wars.
A Dominant Group is “one within a national state whose distinctive culture and/or physiognomy is established as superior in the society and which treats differentially/unequally other groups in the society with other cultures or physiognomy “Marden and Meyer (1968), and correspondingly;
A Minority Group is a “culturally or physically distinctive and self–conscious social aggregate, with hereditary membership and a high degree of endogamy, which is subject to political, economic or social discrimination by a dominant segment of an environing political society” Williams (1964).
Analytically therefore, the recurrent decimal in all these definitions is that racists are misguided, self-opinionated and neurotic people who need ego trips or massage to suppress their feelings of inadequacy, otherwise termed INFERIORITY COMPLEX.
Ethnology and Ethnography do not support apartheid, religious bigotry or racism. For want of space and time, there are two traditions in ethnic relations and socio-anthropological studies, which this existential author subscribes to
(i) the psychosocial orientation, which is phenomenological, and
(ii) the socio-cultural orientation, which is existential.
Both form the contrasting research perspectives that most scholars patronize.
However they should complement each other. Individuals are born “tabula raza” - a clean slate! It is parents and relevant others that write on and crowd this slate with parochial traditions! No child hates another child! Hatred is a learned behaviour! So many films and dramas portray this. Individual prejudice comes mainly from the internalization of the prejudicial norms of one’s society. A case in point is the historical origin of Hitler’s hatred for the Jews. A mistaken identity and maltreatment in his primary school days when he freely associated with Jewish children -–was the remote cause of anti-Semitism which he internationalized, followed by ‘German blood superiority’ he championed which eventually led to the two world wars he engineered!
The adult populations manufactured Black-White lopsided relations in U.S.A, and segregationist policies among/towards the indigenes; Red Indians, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. These racist or apartheid concepts and their implementations were neither by teenagers nor by adolescents. South Africa’s multiracial society and apartheid system have been studied as the ultimate in structured inequality while Hawaii and Brazil as multiracial societies with a low degree of racism. Why can’t we replicate the latter form of ethnic relations in all countries of the world? The choice is ours!
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT:
It is interesting to note what anthropologists, psychiatrists, sociologists and psychologists have concluded after varying researches into various aspects of child-rearing practices all over the world. Collumb and Valatin (1970), French psychiatrists, concluded thus:
“The social changes attendant on modernization cause far reaching disturbances in traditional family organization and bring about alterations in the relationship of the child to the family group. Love and authority are no longer provided for the child by the communal group of the whole family but (only) by the biological parents.... Are the parents able to take on these loving and disciplinary roles alone? Cut off from their extended family group on all sides, can they overcome their own problems and fears and make themselves ready to fulfill their new functions? How does the child experience these changes? Is it already possible to set out their pathological consequences? It is difficult to say; however, one may state that the number of maladjusted children, the number of adolescents with problems is growing considerably, especially in towns. The present generation will be followed by another which will have the same incidence of schizophrenia as in West” p. 127
This international Conference in South Africa in 2001 should address those fundamental questions. What this author offers is only a palliative/prophylactic recommendation. Before that however – we need to recall what Erikson (1972) and Kohlberg (1969) posited as the critical stages of moral development in teenagers and adolescents. These will help us formulate the cross-cultural harmonization this paper proposes.
55 YEARS OF INDIGENOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS WITH MY 1976 GL PEUGEOUT
A CROSS-CULTURAL HARMONISATION OF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
THE PANACEA FOR RACISMBy
Dr. J. K. Danmbaezue, D. Psych., FACRS,
Consultant Clinical Psychologist / Existential Family Therapist.
M.D. Kenez Health Clinic, & ANIMATOR, Happy Family Network International
Block: C, House: 82, Federal Housing Estate, Trans-Ekulu, Enugu.
P. O. Box 1995. Phone 042-551199 or 550344
ENUGU STATE OF NIGERIA
Being the Paper presented at
THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON RACISM
Holding at Durban, South Africa
23rd August – 2nd September 2001.
Abstract
This guest paper emphasizes the origins and development of prejudice, discrimination, ethnocentrism, stereotypy and religious bigotry as the seeds that germinate into racism or racialism, dominant and minority ethnic groups that culminate in stressful relations, violence and wars.
A cross-cultural harmonization of child-rearing practices is the author’s therapeutic prescription if youths must be re-oriented towards the universal brotherhood of mankind. We have the same basic anatomy and physiology; we share the same air, water, food and rest periods. Blood groupings, emotions, motivations, and libido allow for similar sex attractions, pregnancies and births. So, where do these ethnic superiority and inferiority complexes come from?
The “Kenezian Creed” and “The Letter to Educationists all over the world”, epitomize the ideals that this Existential Therapeutic Programme enunciates. The panacea for racism is a systematic re-education, religious liberalism and socio-political equality, which should form the foundations of cross-cultural harmonization of youth counselling and personality development initiatives.
Concise C. V.
Dr. J. K. Danmbaezue is a sixty-four year old privately employed Psychotherapist & Psychometrician with an outfit where the counsels young adults about to wed, administering psychological tests and utilizing them objectively to re-direct incompatible couples. He is a certified Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Existential Family Therapist registered in Nigeria. He also has an NGO-christened HAPPY FAMILY NETWORK INTERNATIONAL, which aims at the globalization of those principles neatly encapsulated in the Kenezian Creed and His letter to All Educationists. He is happily married and has three kids. He holds a Doctor of Science degree in psychometrics besides his Fellowship of the African College of Research Scientists.
INTRODUCTION:
Philosophy demands the delimitation of concepts, terms or nomenclatures for clarity of discussions, analyses, conclusions and recommendations. The following are relevant in our case:
Prejudice is “a system of negative conceptions, feelings and action-orientations regarding the members of a particular group”; whereas “Discrimination” refers to “overt action in which members of a group are accorded unfavourable treatment on the basis of their religious, ethnic or racial membership” Zanden, (1972).
Ethnocentrism is “an exaggerated tendency to think the characteristics of one’s own group or race superior to those of other groups or races” whereas “stereotypy” means “a pathological symptom of mental or nervous disorder showing itself in continuous repetition of seemingly senseless words and syllables, or of certain posture’s and actions”. Drever (1972).
Religious bigotry refers to “an obsessive belief and practice system whereby a person or group of people has strong and unreasonable opinion and will not listen to or accept any contrary views or religious opinions of anyone who disagrees”. Hornby (1976).
Racism or Racialism refers to “any set of beliefs that organic genetically transmitted differences (whether real or imagined) between human groups are intrinsically associated with the presence or absence of certain socially relevant abilities or characteristics, hence that such differences are a legitimate basis of invidious distinctions between groups socially defined as races” Berghe (1967).
Ethnic Group is a parallel term for race “which is often socially defined on the basis of cultural characteristics superimposed on perceived physical traits defined by the group and/or is defined by other groups as different.... by virtue of innate... inherited on genetically induced behavioural patterns”. A. H. Coleman-cited in – Krauss (1976) and this naturally leads us to Dominant and Minority groups – which are the remote and immediate causes of violence, terrorism and wars.
A Dominant Group is “one within a national state whose distinctive culture and/or physiognomy is established as superior in the society and which treats differentially/unequally other groups in the society with other cultures or physiognomy “Marden and Meyer (1968), and correspondingly;
A Minority Group is a “culturally or physically distinctive and self–conscious social aggregate, with hereditary membership and a high degree of endogamy, which is subject to political, economic or social discrimination by a dominant segment of an environing political society” Williams (1964).
Analytically therefore, the recurrent decimal in all these definitions is that racists are misguided, self-opinionated and neurotic people who need ego trips or massage to suppress their feelings of inadequacy, otherwise termed INFERIORITY COMPLEX.
Ethnology and Ethnography do not support apartheid, religious bigotry or racism. For want of space and time, there are two traditions in ethnic relations and socio-anthropological studies, which this existential author subscribes to
(i) the psychosocial orientation, which is phenomenological, and
(ii) the socio-cultural orientation, which is existential.
Both form the contrasting research perspectives that most scholars patronize.
However they should complement each other. Individuals are born “tabula raza” - a clean slate! It is parents and relevant others that write on and crowd this slate with parochial traditions! No child hates another child! Hatred is a learned behaviour! So many films and dramas portray this. Individual prejudice comes mainly from the internalization of the prejudicial norms of one’s society. A case in point is the historical origin of Hitler’s hatred for the Jews. A mistaken identity and maltreatment in his primary school days when he freely associated with Jewish children -–was the remote cause of anti-Semitism which he internationalized, followed by ‘German blood superiority’ he championed which eventually led to the two world wars he engineered!
The adult populations manufactured Black-White lopsided relations in U.S.A, and segregationist policies among/towards the indigenes; Red Indians, Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. These racist or apartheid concepts and their implementations were neither by teenagers nor by adolescents. South Africa’s multiracial society and apartheid system have been studied as the ultimate in structured inequality while Hawaii and Brazil as multiracial societies with a low degree of racism. Why can’t we replicate the latter form of ethnic relations in all countries of the world? The choice is ours!
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT:
It is interesting to note what anthropologists, psychiatrists, sociologists and psychologists have concluded after varying researches into various aspects of child-rearing practices all over the world. Collumb and Valatin (1970), French psychiatrists, concluded thus:
“The social changes attendant on modernization cause far reaching disturbances in traditional family organization and bring about alterations in the relationship of the child to the family group. Love and authority are no longer provided for the child by the communal group of the whole family but (only) by the biological parents.... Are the parents able to take on these loving and disciplinary roles alone? Cut off from their extended family group on all sides, can they overcome their own problems and fears and make themselves ready to fulfill their new functions? How does the child experience these changes? Is it already possible to set out their pathological consequences? It is difficult to say; however, one may state that the number of maladjusted children, the number of adolescents with problems is growing considerably, especially in towns. The present generation will be followed by another which will have the same incidence of schizophrenia as in West” p. 127
This international Conference in South Africa in 2001 should address those fundamental questions. What this author offers is only a palliative/prophylactic recommendation. Before that however – we need to recall what Erikson (1972) and Kohlberg (1969) posited as the critical stages of moral development in teenagers and adolescents. These will help us formulate the cross-cultural harmonization this paper proposes.
55 YEARS OF INDIGENOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS WITH MY 1976 GL PEUGEOUT
